Kulturkampf
Kulturkampf(kwaKijerumani"Vitavyautamaduni") ni jina la ushindani kati yaserikaliza nchi kadhaa, hasaDola la Ujerumanichini yachanselaOtto von Bismarck,naKanisa Katolikikatikakarne ya 19[1][2][3][4][5][6].
Serikali nyingi zilitaka kushikamamlakazote juu yaraiazake, wakatiPapanamaaskofuhawakupenda kupotewa na athira zao za muda mrefu juu ya waumini katika masuala ya kijamii.
Ushindani huo ulipata nguvu ya pekee Ujerumani baada ya nchi hiyo kuunganishwa chini yaPrussiana kutengaAustria.Hapo dola jipya lilijikuta kuwa naasilimiayaWaprotestantikubwa kuliko awali ambapoWakatolikiwalikuwa wengiwengi. Hasa Prussia iliyoongoza dola hilo ilikuwa ya Kiprotestanti kabisa.
Mgongano ulisababisha serikali ya Prussia na ya Dola lote kutunga mfululizo sheria za kubana Kanisa Katoliki, na pia kufunga maaskofu wake.
Tanbihi[hariri|hariri chanzo]
- ↑Josef L. Altholz, "The Vatican Decrees Controversy, 1874-1875."Catholic Historical Review(1972): 593-605.in JSTOR
- ↑Ramet, Sabrina in: Obstat, Nihil. Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia, Duke University Press, 1998,ISBN 978-0-8223-2070-8,p 107
- ↑Dittrich, Lisa in: Antiklerikalismuns in Europa: Öffentlichkeit und Säkularisierung in Frankreich, Spanien und Deutschland (1848-1914), Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1914,ISBN 9783525310236
- ↑Borst, William in: "The Mexican Kulturkampf. The Christeros and the Crusade for the greater Glory of God",Mindszenty Report54#8 August 2012:
- ↑Morton, Adam in:Revolution and State in Modern Mexico(Rowman & Littlefield, 2011), p. 50,ISBN 9780742554900
- ↑Martin, Percy in:Causes of the Collapse of the Brazilian Empire,The Hispanic American Historical Review, Duke University Press, 1921, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 4-48
Viungo vya nje[hariri|hariri chanzo]
- "Bismarck’s Failure: the Kulturkampf"long description
- Founding Manifesto of the Protestant League (1887); Statistics on Membership (1887-1913) (English translation)a German anti-Catholic propaganda organization that became active after the Kulturkampf
- Bismarck’s Domestic Polices 1871 -1890Kulturkampf in the context of Bismarck's entire domestic policies, by a head of history at Catholic University School in Dublin
- Kulturkampf Now and ThenArchived8 Novemba 2005 at theWayback Machine.13-paged essay inpdfby a Professor of theUnited States Air Force Academy
- Ludwig Windthorst Speaks in the Prussian Parliament (1873)speech ofLudwig Windthorstfollowing its analysis
- Bismarck on the purpose of the KulturkampfSpeech in the Prussian House of Lords, March 10, 1873
- Kulturkampf: Bibliography byArchived31 Julai 2013 at theWayback Machine.LitDok East-Central EuropeHerder-Institut (Marburg)
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