Maada
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| Maada kwa kawaida inaweza kupatikana katika hali nne. Picha zinazionyesha kutoka juu kwenda chini:kwazi(mango),maji(kiowevu),daioksidi ya nitrojeni(gesi), natufe la plazma(plazma). |
Maada(kutokaKiarabu;pia:matakutokaKiingerezamatter) ninenopana linalojumlisha vyote vinavyoweza kuonekana, kusikika, kuguswa, kuchunguzwa n.k., ikiwemo hasamaada ya kawaidainayoundwa naatomiambazo tena zinaundwa nakiinichaprotoninaneutroni,kikizungukwa nawingulaelektroni.[1][2] Hivyo maada nikituchochote chenyeuzitona kinachoweza kuchukua nafasi.
Tangukarne ya 20ufafanuzisahihi wa maada umeshindikana kutokana na maendeleo yasayansi,nayo si tena jambo la msingi katikafizikiakama ilivyokuwa awali.[3][4]
Maada inapatikana kwa kawaida katikahalinne:mango,kiowevu,gesinautegili.Maada huweza kubadilika pale tuhalijotoinapobadilika. Badiliko la maada linaweza kuwa kutoka gesi kwenda yabisi mfano mvuke kuwa barafu, yabisi kwenda gesi mfano barafu kuwa mvuke, kimiminika kuwa yabisi mfano maji kuwa barafu n.k.
Hivyo matawi mbalimbali yasayansiyanatumia neno maada kwa maana tofautitofauti.[5][6][7]
Falsafapia inatumia neno hilo, hasa kwa kutofautisha maada naroho,na hivyo ulimwengu unaoonekana na ule ambao hauonekani, lakini unasadikika kuwepo.
Tanbihi
[hariri|hariri chanzo]- ↑ P. Davies (1992).The New Physics: A Synthesis.Cambridge University Press.uk. 1.ISBN0-521-43831-4.
- ↑ G. 't Hooft (1997).In search of the ultimate building blocks.Cambridge University Press.uk. 6.ISBN0-521-57883-3.
- ↑
R. Penrose (1991). "The mass of the classical vacuum".The Philosophy of Vacuum.Oxford University Press.uk. 21.ISBN0-19-824449-5.
{{cite book}}:Unknown parameter|editors=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help) - ↑"Matter (physics)".McGraw-Hill's Access Science: Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Online.Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutokachanzomnamo 2011-06-17.Iliwekwa mnamo2009-05-24.
{{cite web}}:Unknown parameter|=ignored (help) - ↑ P.C.W. Davies (1979).The Forces of Nature.Cambridge University Press. uk. 116.ISBN0-521-22523-X.
- ↑ S. Weinberg (1998).The Quantum Theory of Fields.Cambridge University Press. uk. 2.ISBN0-521-55002-5.
- ↑ M. Masujima (2008).Path Integral Quantization and Stochastic Quantization.Springer. uk. 103.ISBN3-540-87850-5.
Marejeo
[hariri|hariri chanzo]- Lillian Hoddeson; Michael Riordan, whr. (1997).The Rise of the Standard Model.Cambridge University Press.ISBN0-521-57816-7.
- Timothy Paul Smith (2004). "The search for quarks in ordinary matter".Hidden Worlds.Princeton University Press. uk. 1.ISBN0-691-05773-7.
- Harald Fritzsch (2005).Elementary Particles: Building blocks of matter.World Scientific. uk. 1.ISBN981-256-141-2.
- Bertrand Russell (1992). "The philosophy of matter".A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz(tol. la Reprint of 1937 2nd). Routledge. uk. 88.ISBN0-415-08296-X.
- Stephen Toulmin and June Goodfield,The Architecture of Matter(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).
- Richard J. Connell,Matter and Becoming(Chicago: The Priory Press, 1966).
- Ernan McMullin,The Concept of Matter in Greek and Medieval Philosophy(Notre Dame, Indiana: Univ. of Notre Dame Press, 1965).
- Ernan McMullin,The Concept of Matter in Modern Philosophy(Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1978).
Viungo vya nje
[hariri|hariri chanzo]
- Visionlearning Module on MatterArchived2 Juni 2013 at theWayback Machine.
- Matter in the universeArchived27 Februari 2009 at theWayback Machine.How much Matter is in the Universe?
- NASA on superfluid core of neutron star
- Matter and Energy: A False Dichotomy– Conversations About Science with Theoretical Physicist Matt Strassler
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