Mtindo wa Kigothi

Mtindo wa Kigothi(pia:Gotiki,kwaKiingereza:Gothic style,Gothic architecture) katikausanifu majengowaUlayanimtindoulioanza katikakarne ya 12na kutumika hadi mnamo1500.Mtindo huo ulichukua nafasi yamtindo wa Kiromauliotumika kabla yake. Ulionekana pia katikamatawimengine yasanaa.Katikakarne ya 19ulitumika upya kwamajengomakubwa katikamtindo wa Kigothi mamboleo.

Shabaha ya mtindo wa Kigothi

Vyanzo vya mtindo huo vilipatikana katika mabadiliko ya majengo yaliyobuniwa kufuatana na mtindo wa Kiroma na piaubunifuwa nchi zaKiislamu.

Badiliko kubwa lilikuwa ni kupatikana kwamwangaulioweza kufika ndani ya jengo kupitiamadirishamakubwa. Hapowajenziwalihitaji kubuni njia za kupunguzaunenewakutananguzobila kuhatarisha uthabiti wa jengo.

Shabaha ya ubunifu huo kwenye majengo yakidiniilikuwa kuvutarohoya waumini kuelekea juu.

Viashiria vya mtindo wa Kigothi

Sehemu za uundaji wa jengo kubwa la Kigothi

Kuna viashiria vitatu ambavyo vyote kwa pamoja vinatofautisha majengo makubwa ya Kigothi na mitindo mingine:

tao la kuchongoka(ing.pointed arch)
Kuba ubavu(ing.rib vault)
Kiegemezo cha nje(ing.flying buttress) yaani gadimu za nje za kuhimiliuzitowa ukuta na paa.

Viashiria hivyo viliwawezesha wajenzi wa karne ya 12-13kujenga majengo makubwa yenye nafasi kubwa ndani yake yaliyoruhusu kuingia kwa nuru nyingi iwezekanavyo kutokea nje. Madirisha yalipambwa kwavioo vya rangivilivyowapawasaniinafasi ya kuonyesha habari zaBiblia,zawatakatifuau watu muhimu katika kanisa naserikalina hivyo kuwaelimisha waumini.

Changamoto ya kujenga ukumbi mkubwa wenye nuru ndani yake ilikuwa kuweka madirisha makubwa, ambayo kimsingi nimatunduyanayodhoofisha ukuta, bila kuhatarisha uthabiti wa jengo lote. Katika mitindo ya awali kama ya Kiroma kuongezeka kwakimokulihitaji kuwa na ukuta mnene na nguzo kubwa. Mifumo iliyotajwa iliruhusu kugawa uzito wadarina jengo lote kugawiwa na kubebwa kupitiamatao ya kuchongoka,bavu za kubana gadimu za nje zilizokopeakanizamasiya juu. Wajenzi walihitajielimukubwa kuhusu mahitaji ya mahali pa jengo na misingi yake pamoja nakanunizafizikiaya jengo.

Tabiazilizotajwa zinapatikana hasa katika makanisa mengi yaliyojengwa kote Ulaya katikakarne za kati,lakini ilitumiwa pia kwenye majengo mengine kamakumbi za monasteriaushirikazawafanyabiasharakwenyemiji,mabomayawatawala,vyuo vikuuau kwa kiasi tu kwenye majengo ya watu binafsi waliokuwa nautajiriwa kutosha wa kujenga kwamawena kwa kumwajiri mjenzi hodari.

Jina "Kigothi"

Wakati wake (kwenye karne za kati) mtindo huo uliitwa mara nyingi "wa Kifaransa" kwa sababu mifano yake ya kwanza ilitokea nchini Ufaransa. Baadaye wakati wazama za mwamko(renaissance) kulikuwa na kipindi ambako watu waliona ni mtindo ambao haupendezi maana walilenga kurudia roho na ubunifu wa nyakati za kale. Hapo waliita mtindo mkuu wa karne za kati "wa Kigothi" kwa maana ya "wa kishenzi" maana waliamini ya kwambauzuriwaDola la Romaya Kale uliharibiwa namakabila ya KigermanikkamaWagothina tokeo la uharibifu huo ni mtindo waliouita "wa Kigothi".

Tanbihi

Marejeo

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Marejeo mengine

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