Ndui
Ndui(kwaKiingereza:smallpox) ilikuwaugonjwa wa kuambukizauliosababishwa na aina mbili zavirusi:Variola major na Variola minor.
Ulikuwa unaletakifocha waliopatwa kwaasilimia30-35, lakini zaidi kati yawatoto.
Walionusurika wengi waliachwa na makovuya kudumu hasa katikauso.
Historia
[hariri|hariri chanzo]Inakadiriwa ulikuwepo tangu miaka ya10000 KKhadimwaka1977.
Chanzo chake hakijulikani lakini kunadaliliya kwamba ilitokea mapema sana katikaMisri ya Kale[1].PenginefaraoRamses Valikuwamgonjwawa kwanza anayejulikana kutokana nautafitiwamumiayake[2].
Labda ilipelekwaUhindinawafanyabiasharaWamisri mnamomiaka ya 1500 KK.Ugonjwa uliua watu wengi hukoUlaya[3],AsianaAfrikailikosambaa pia.
Matokeo ya ndui yalikuwa mabaya hasaAmerikaambakoWaindioyaani wakazi asilia waliwahi kuishimilenianyingi bilamawasilianona bilamaambukizikutoka sehemu nyingine zadunia,hivyo walikosa kabisakinga.Kwa mfanoWahispaniawaliweza kuvamiamilkiyaAztekihukoMexikokwa sababu wateteaji waTenochtitlanwalidhoofishwa na ugonjwa uliopelekwa hapo na Wahispania.
Mwaka1967tu ndui iliua watumilionimbili na katikakarne ya 20kwa jumla milioni 300 au 500.
Chanjo
[hariri|hariri chanzo]
NchiniChinana Uhindi ilijulikana tangu kale kwamba kumdunga mtu kwamajimajikutokavidondavya ndui kunasababishahomakidogo lakini kunamkinga dhidi ya maambukizi makali[4]hata kama takribanasilimia1-2 ya watu waliodungwa vile walikufa[5].
Mnamo1796tabibuMwingerezaEdward Jenneralitambua kwamba kumdunga mtu kwa majimaji ya vidonda vya ndui yang'ombekunamkinga pia dhidi ya ndui wa kibinadamu, lakini bila matatizo yale yaliyoweza kutokea kwenye mbinu ya awali.[6]Chanjo hiyo iliboreshwa na kupunguza kutokea kwa ndui, Nchi nyingi duniani ziliweka taratibu za kutoa chanjo kwawatotowote. Tangu mwaka 1967Shirika la Afya DunianiWHO lilianzisha mradi wa kutafuta wagonjwa wa mwisho wa ndui na kuwatibu. Mgonjwa wa mwisho alipatikana nchiniSomaliakwenye mwaka 1976[7].
Tangu siku zile ndui ni ugonjwa wa kwanza ambaobinadamukwa njia yachanjoalifaulu kuukomesha.
Tanbihi
[hariri|hariri chanzo]- ↑Shchelkunov SN (December 2011). "Emergence and reemergence of smallpox: the need for development of a new generation smallpox vaccine". Vaccine. 29 Suppl 4: D49–53. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.037.PMID 22185833.
- ↑Hopkins, Donald. "Ramses V:Earliest known victim?" (PDF). WHO imeangaliwa 30-03-2016
- ↑J. N. Hays (2005). "Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history". ABC-CLIO. p.151. ISBN 1-85109-658-2
- ↑Riedel, S (January 2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center). 18 (1): 21–25. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028. PMC 1200696. PMID 16200144.
- ↑Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S, eds. (2005). "Smallpox" (PDF). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) (9th ed.). Washington DC: Public Health Foundation. pp. 281–306. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2010.
- ↑Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S, eds. (2005). "Smallpox" (PDF). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) (9th ed.). Washington DC: Public Health Foundation. pp. 281–306. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2010
- ↑Fenner, uk. 527-536
- Hopkins DR (2002). The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in history. University of Chicago Press.ISBN 0-226-35168-8
Marejeo
[hariri|hariri chanzo]- Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2006).Expunging variola: the control and eradication of smallpox in India, 1947–1977.Hyderabad: Orient Longman.ISBN81-250-3018-2.
- Fenner, Frank (1988).Smallpox and Its Eradication (History of International Public Health, No. 6)(PDF).Geneva: World Health Organization.ISBN92-4-156110-6.
- Koplow, David A. (2003).Smallpox: the fight to eradicate a global scourge.Berkeley: University of California Press.ISBN0-520-24220-3.
- Mack T (2003)."A different view of smallpox and vaccination".N. Engl. J. Med.348(5): 460–3.doi:10.1056/NEJMsb022994.PMID12496354.Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutokachanzomnamo 2009-04-22.Iliwekwa mnamo2015-03-15.
{{cite journal}}:Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - McNeill, William Hardy (1977).Plagues and peoples.Oxford: Basil Blackwell.ISBN0-385-12122-9.
- Naono, Atsuko (2009).State of Vaccination: The Fight Against Smallpox in Colonial Burma.Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan. uk. 238.ISBN978-81-250-3546-6.Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutokachanzomnamo 2020-07-30.Iliwekwa mnamo2015-03-15.
{{cite book}}:Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Preston, Richard (2002).The Demon in the Freezer: A True Story.New York: Random House.ISBN0-375-50856-2.(Excerpt available athttp://cryptome.info/0001/smallpox-wmd.htm)
- Tucker, Jonathan B. (2001).Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox.New York: Grove Press.ISBN0-8021-3939-6.
- Lord Wharncliffe and W. Moy Thomas, editors.The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, vol. 1,London: Henry G. Bohn, 1861.
Viungo vya nje
[hariri|hariri chanzo]
- Image of Amhearst letter to Colonel Henry Bouquet – give smallpox to Indians.
- Smallpox Biosafety: A Website About Destruction of Smallpox Virus StocksArchived10 Desemba 2007 at theWayback Machine.
- Detailed CIDRAP Smallpox overviewArchived6 Mei 2013 at theWayback Machine.
- Agent Fact Sheet: SmallpoxArchived28 Juni 2010 at theWayback Machine., Center for Biosecurity
- Smallpox Images and Diagnosis SynopsisArchived29 Julai 2008 at theWayback Machine.
- Variola Virus GenomesArchived12 Septemba 2015 at theWayback Machine.database search results from the Poxvirus Bioinformatics Resource Center
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