Mapacha
(Elekezwa kutokaPacha)
Mapachaaundugu pachaniwatuauwanyamawaliozaliwa kwa pamoja kutokatumbonimwamamayao[1].Kwa binadamu mara nyingi huwa wawili.
Kuna aina kuumbiliza mapacha ambao ni wale wanaofanana na wale wasiofanana. Tofauti ni kwamba wa kwanza wametokana nakijiyaikimoja kilichofikiwa nambegumoja, kumbe wa pili wametokana na vijiyai viwili vilivyofikiwa na mbegu mbili. Hivyo wa kwanza wanajinsiaileile na kwa kawaida kabisaDNAileile, kumbe wa pili DNA zao ni tofauti, ila zinafanana kiasi kama zile zanduguwote wenyebabammoja namamammoja[2].
Kimataifa aina ya kwanza inatokea mara 3 katikaujauzitowawanawake1,000[3].
Tanbihi
[hariri|hariri chanzo]- ↑MedicineNet > Definition of TwinArchived22 Oktoba 2013 at theWayback Machine.Last Editorial Review: 19 June 2000
- ↑Michael R. Cummings "Human Heredity Principles and issues" p. 104.
- ↑April Holladay (2001-05-09)."What triggers twinning?".WonderQuest. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutokachanzomnamo 2012-04-14.Iliwekwa mnamo2007-03-22.
Marejeo
[hariri|hariri chanzo]- Bacon, Kate.Twins in Society: Parents, Bodies, Space, and Talk(Palgrave Macmillan; 2010) 221 pages; explores the experience of child twins, adult twins, and parents of twins, with a focus on Britain.
- Nieuwint, Aggie; Van Zalen-Sprock, Rieteke; Hummel, Pieter; Pals, Gerard; Van Vugt, John; na wenz. (1999)."'Identical' twins with discordant karyotypes ".Prenatal Diagnosis.19(1): 72–6.doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(199901)19:1<72::AID-PD465>3.0.CO;2-V.PMID10073913.
- Wenk RE, Houtz T, Brooks M, Chiafari FA (1992). "How frequent is heteropaternal superfecundation?".Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae.41(1): 43–7.PMID1488855.
- Girela, Eloy; Lorente, Jose A.; Alvarez, J. Carlos; Rodrigo, Maria D.; Lorente, Miguel; na wenz. (1997). "Indisputable double paternity in dizygous twins".Fertility and Sterility.67(6): 1159–61.doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(97)81456-2.PMID9176461.
- Shinwell ES, Reichman B, Lerner-Geva L, Boyko V, Blickstein I (Septemba 2007).""Masculinizing" effect on respiratory morbidity in girls from unlike-sex preterm twins: a possible transchorionic paracrine effect ".Pediatrics.120(3): e447–53.doi:10.1542/peds.2006-3574.PMID17766488.Iliwekwa mnamo2008-10-06.
{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Lummaa V, Pettay JE, Russell AF (Juni 2007)."Male twins reduce fitness of female co-twins in humans".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.104(26): 10915–20.doi:10.1073/pnas.0605875104.PMC1904168.PMID17576931.Iliwekwa mnamo2008-10-06.
{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Schein, Elyse; Paula Bernstein (2007).Identical Strangers: A Memoir of Twins Separated and Reunited.New York: Random House.ISBN1-4000-6496-1.OCLC123390922.
- Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2009 May 15;151C(2):136-41. Not really identical: epigenetic differences in monozygotic twins and implications for twin studies in psychiatry. Haque FN, Gottesman II, Wong AH.
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