Homo
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 Fuvu la kichwakatika Mkusanyo wa Palantolojia wa Makumbusho ya Kitaifa yaEthiopia
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Spishi 12:
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 Uenezi wa binadamu nje yaAfrika,kufuatana naADN ya dutuvuo(mitokondria). Duara za rangi mbalimbali zinamaanisha maelfu ya miaka kabla ya leo.
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Homonijenasiambayo katikauainishaji wa kisayansiinajumlishabinadamunaspishizilizokwishakoma zilizofanana naye sanakibiolojia.Wanasayansiwamependekeza zaidi ya spishi 12 za jenasi Homo.
JinaHomoni laKilatini,likiwa na maana ya "mtu", na kwaasililinahusiana nanenohumus,"ardhi".[1]
Historia ya awali
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Jenasi hiyo imekadiriwa kuanza kuwepo miakamilioni2.1 - 2.8 iliyopita[3][4]kutokana na spishi mojawapo ya nusukabilaAustralopithecina(siku hizi linatumika pia jinaHominina) iliyokuwepo kuanzia miaka milioni 5.6 hadi 1.2 iliyopita.
Spishiya kwanza ya jenasi hiyo inawezekana ilikuwa ile yaHomo habilis,yaani mtu mwenye uwezo wa kutengenezavifaa.Mabaki yake yalipatikana hukoOltupai(Tanzania). Huyo anafikiriwa kutokana naAustralopithecus garhiambaye kabla yake alikuwa ameanza kutengeneza vifaa kwamawe.
Hata hivyo mnamo Mei2010hukoAfrika Kusiniyalipatikana mabaki yaHomo gautengensis,spishi inayofikiriwa na wengine kuwa ya kale kuliko Homo habilis[5],lakini wengine wanaijumlisha katika jina Homo habilis. Tena wataalamu wengine wanaona spishi hizo mbili hazistahili kuitwa Homo, ilaAustralopithecus.
Kutokana naHomo habilis(auAustralopithecus habilis) alipatikana miaka milioni 2 iliyopitaHomo erectusaliyekuwa wa kwanza kusimama daima juu yamiguuyake miwili,kuwindana kumudumoto,na ambaye alienea koteAsianaUlaya(aliyebakiAfrikaanaitwa piaHomo ergaster) kabla ya kugawanyika katika nususpishi au spishi mpya mbalimbali kamaHomo georgicus,Homo antecessor,Homo heidelbergensis,wa kwanza kujenga makazi ya kudumu nakuzikawafu, n.k. Kwa jumla Homo erectus alidumu zaidi ya miaka milioni moja. Wengi wanaona spishi nyingi zilizopendekezwa kuwa nususpishi tu za Homo erectus.
Miaka 800,000–200,000 iliyopita, wakati wa mabadiliko makubwa yahali ya hewa,ubongowa jenasi hiyo ulikua sana na kupata uwezo wa kufanya mambo mengi mapya katika mahusiano na katika kukabilimazingiraambayo yalizidi kubadilika na kudai maitikio tofauti ili kudumishauhaiwa jenasi yenyewe.
Kufikia miaka 100,000 au 50,000 hivi iliyopita, spishi zote za jenasi Homo zilikuwa zimekoma, isipokuwa Homo sapiens aliyekuwa ametokana na Homo heidelbergensis miaka 300,000 hivi iliyopita.
Baadhi yawataalamuwanahesabuHomo neanderthalensisna mtu waDenisovakamanususpishizaHomo sapienszilizoweza kuzaliana na watu wa kisasa waliotokeaAfrika.[6][7][8]
Picha
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Homo sapiensmwanamume -
Homo habilismwanamume -
Homoe naledimwanamume -
Homo rudofensismwanamume -
Homo erectusmwanamke -
Homo floresiensismwanamke -
Homo heidelbergensismwanamume -
Homo longimwanamume -
Homo luzonensismwanamume -
Homo neanderthalensismwanamume
Tanbihi
[hariri|hariri chanzo]- ↑dhghemThe American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
- ↑The horizontal axis represents geographic location; the vertical axis represents time inthousands of years ago.Based on Schlebusch et al., "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago" Science,28 September 2017,DOI: 10.1126/science.aao6266,Fig. 3Archived14 Januari 2018 at theWayback Machine.(H. sapiensdivergence times) and Stringer, C. (2012). "What makes a modern human".Nature.485(7396): 33–35.Bibcode:2012Natur.485...33S.doi:10.1038/485033a.PMID22552077.(archaic admixture).
- ↑Stringer, C.B. (1994). "Evolution of early humans".The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. uk. 242.ISBN0-521-32370-3.
{{cite book}}:Unknown parameter|editors=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help)AlsoISBN 0-521-46786-1(paperback) - ↑McHenry, H.M (2009). "Human Evolution".Evolution: The First Four Billion Years.Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. uk.265.ISBN978-0-674-03175-3.
{{cite book}}:Unknown parameter|editors=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help) - ↑""Toothy Tree-Swinger May Be Earliest Human"".Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutokachanzomnamo 2012-05-02.Iliwekwa mnamo2012-04-28.
- ↑Green RE, Krause J, et al. A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science. 2010 7 Mei;328(5979):710-22.PMID 20448178
- ↑Reich D, Green RE, Kircher M, et al. (Desemba 2010). "Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia". Nature 468 (7327): 1053–60. doi:10.1038/nature09710.PMID 21179161.
- ↑Reich D., et al. Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into southeast Asia and Oceania. Am J Hum Genet. 2011 Oct 7;89(4):516-28,PMID 21944045.
Marejeo
[hariri|hariri chanzo]- Serre; na wenz. (2004)."No evidence of Neandertal mtDNA contribution to early modern humans".PLoS Biology.2(3): 313–7.doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020057.PMC368159.PMID15024415.
{{cite journal}}:Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
Viungo vya nje
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