Ufeministi
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Ufeministi(kutokamziziwaKilatinifemina,yaaniwa kike;kwaKifaransaféminismelinamaanishaharakati ya ukombozi wa wanawake) nijinalinalojumlisha aina nyingi za misimamo, itikadi namatapotofautitofauti yanayochangalengokuu la kuteteahakizawanawakedhidi yaubaguzi wa jinsiauliotawaladuniakwa muda mrefu sana upande wasiasa,uchumi,utamaduni,dininajamiikwa jumla.[1][2][3]
Wafuasi wa nadharia hii wanashikilia kwamba, pana haja ya kuwa na usawa wa kijinsia licha ya kuwapo kwa tofauti za kimaumbile.[4]
Kati ya haki hizo za msingi, ufeministi umepigania kwa mfano zile zakupiga kura,kupatavyeo serikalini,kufanyakazi,kulipwamshahara,kumiliki,kupatamalezi,kufanyamikatabasawa nawanaumen.k.
Ufeministi umepinga piaubakajiwa aina zote.[5]
Ufeministi ni kati ya matapo yaliyochangia zaidi mabadiliko katika jamii.[6]
Historia
[hariri|hariri chanzo]Katika historia harakati za kudai haki za wanawake zilianza katikaUlayawakati haki za binadamu zilipoanza kutangazwa, ambazo awali zilijadiliwa kwa wanaume pekee.
Harakati ya kuwapa wanawake haki za kupiga kura kwenye uchaguzi wa kisiasa ilikuwakampeniya awali kuanziakarne ya 19,lakini hasaya 20.
Mikondo tofauti ya ufeministi leo
[hariri|hariri chanzo]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/220px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png)
Mgawanyiko umeanza kujitokeza kati ya wale wanaotaka wanawake wafanane kabisa na wanaume na wale wanaoona umuhimu wa kutunza upekee wa mwanamke katika uhusiano wa kukamilishana na mwanamume. Kwa mfano:
- wengine husema wanaume na wanawake wanapaswa kutendewa sawa katika mambo yote. Wanadhanihojayajadikuwa wanawake wana kazi ya kutunza nyumba na kuangalia watoto si sawa: wanawake na wanaume wanapaswa kushiriki katika shughuli zote sawasawa.
- wengine hukubali kuna tofauti muhimu kati ya jinsia lakini tofauti hizo zisiruhusiwe kuwapa wanaumekipaumbele.Kama wanawake wanapendelea kukaa nyumbani na kuangalia watoto ni sawa, lakini wasilazimishwe kufanya hivyo, nao wanapaswa kupata namna yamalipokwa kazi hiyo ama sehemu ya mapatoya familia au pia haki za malipo yapenshenikutokaserikalikwa wakati wauzeekwa ajili ya miaka waliyoitumia kwakazi ya nyumbani.
- wengine husema jamii imepokea utaratibu wake kutokana na mapenzi ya wanaume, hivyo ni lazima kuwa na aina yamapinduzikatika jamii.
- kuna wafuasi wa ufeministi wanaoamini ya kwamba hakuna tofauti za maana kati ya jinsia lakini wengine hufundisha kuwa wanawake ni tofauti kabisa na wanaume, na ni muhimu watoe mchango wao wa pekee.
Kuna namna nyingi za kueleza tofauti katika itikadi ya ufeministi lakini hiai hapa ndizo tatu kubwa:
Ufeministi wa kitamaduni- Hii ni aina ya ufeministi ambayo inaangazia ubaguzi katika kawaida ya jamii. Ndio wanoataka utamaduni uthamini hulka za wanawake kuliko ilivyo sasa. Kwa mfano hawa wanaweza kusema wanawake wanachukuliwa vibaya katika vyeo vya juu kutokana na wanaume.
Ufeministi wa uhuru- Hii ni aina ya ufeministi ambayo inaangazia haki za wanawake za kufanya usawa na wanaume hasa. Ndio wanaotaka sheria iruhusu yote yanayoruhusiwa tayari kwa wanaume. Kwa mfano haki za kupiga kura, za kuwania wadhifa wa siasa, au kuvaa mavazi yoyote.
Ufeministi mkali (radical feminism)- Hii ni aina ya ufeministi dubwana kupita nyingine inayodai kwamba hakuna tofauti kati ya wanaume na wanawake ila zile zinazofundishwa na jamii. Kwa mfano, kulingana na itikadi hii, tabia kati ya jinsia siyo ya kibiolojia bali ni ya mafunzo tu. Wafausi hao wanaamini tofauti hizi zipo ili wanaume waweze kudhulumu wanawake.
Tanbihi
[hariri|hariri chanzo]- ↑Hawkesworth, M.E. (2006).Globalization and Feminist Activism.Rowman & Littlefield. ku.25–27.ISBN9780742537835.
- ↑Beasley, Chris. (1999).What is Feminism?.New York: Sage. ku.3–11.ISBN9780761963356.
- ↑hooks, bell. (2000).Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics.Pluto Press.ISBN9780745317335.
- ↑K.E. Kipyegon, uk.7
- ↑Echols, Alice(1989).Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975.Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.ISBN0-8166-1787-2.
- ↑Messer-Davidow, Ellen (2002).Disciplining Feminism: From Social Activism to Academic Discourse.Durham,N.C.:Duke University Press.ISBN0-8223-2843-7.
Marejeo
[hariri|hariri chanzo]- Assiter, Alison(1989).Pornography, feminism, and the individual.London Winchester, Mass: Pluto Press.ISBN9780745303192.
- DuBois, Ellen Carol (1997).Harriot Stanton Blatch and the Winning of Woman Suffrage.New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.ISBN0-300-06562-0.
- Flexner, Eleanor (1996).Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States.The Belknap Press.ISBN978-0-674-10653-6.
- Goodman, Robin Truth(2010).Feminist Theory in Pursuit of the Public: Women and the 'Re-Privatization' of Labor.New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Hewlett, Sylvia Ann (1986).A Lesser Life: the Myth of Women's Liberation in America.First ed. New York: W. Morrow and Co.ISBN 0-688-04855-2
- Lyndon, Neil (1992).No More Sex Wars: the Failures of Feminism.London: Mandarin, 1993, cop. 1992.ISBN 0-7493-1565-2
- Schroder, Iris; Schuler, Anja (2004)."'In Labor Alone is Happiness': Women's Work, Social Work, and Feminist Reform Endeavors in Wilhelmine Germany—A Transatlantic Perspective ".Journal of Women's History.16:127–47.doi:10.1353/jowh.2004.0036.
- Richard, Janet Radcliffe (1980).The Sceptical Feminist: a Philosophical Enquiry,in series,Pelican Books.Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books, 1982, cop. 1980. Without ISBN
- Mathur, Piyush (1998). "The archigenderic territories: Mansfield park and a handful of dust".Women's Writing.5(1): 71–81.doi:10.1080/09699089800200034.
- Mitchell, Brian (1998).Women in the Military: Flirting with Disaster.Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. xvii, 390 p. 0-89526-376-9
- Stansell, Christine (2010).The Feminist Promise: 1792 to the Present.ISBN978-0-679-64314-2.
- Steichen, Donna (1991).Ungodly Rage: the Hidden Face of Catholic Feminism.San Francisco, Calif.: Ignatius Press.ISBN 0-89870-348-4
- Stevens, Doris; O'Hare, Carol (1995).Jailed for Freedom: American Women Win the Vote.Troutdale, OR: NewSage Press.ISBN0-939165-25-2.
- Wheeler, Marjorie W. (1995).One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement.Troutdale, OR: NewSage Press.ISBN0-939165-26-0.
- "Interface volume 3 issue 2: Feminism, women's movements and women in movement".Desemba 13, 2011.
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Viungo vya nje
[hariri|hariri chanzo]- Feminist directory
- Psychology's Feminist Voices
- 4. NADHARIA YA UFEMINISTI ( Mtazamo wa kike)(blogu ya "Mwalimu wa Kiswahili"
- Topics in Feminism,at theStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Feminist Perspectives ScaleArchived28 Agosti 2016 at theWayback Machine.
- Early Video on the Emancipation of WomenArchived25 Novemba 2011 at theWayback Machine., documentary filmed ca. 1930, which includes footage from the 1890s
- Documents from the Women's Liberation MovementArchived10 Oktoba 2011 at theWayback Machine., Special Collections Library, Duke University
- Keter Ebrahim Kipyegon, Nafasi na utambulisho wa mwanamke katika Natala na Kifo, Nairobi 2013 (inajadili kwa upana ufeministi katika fasihi)
- Tovuti ya shirika lisilo la serikali la “Haki za Wanawake na Maendeleo”Archived16 Machi 2015 at theWayback Machine.
- Sera ya maendeleo ya wanawake na jinsia, Wizara ya maendeleo ya jamii, wanawake na watoto, Dar es Salaam mwaka 2000
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