Yoga
Yogani mazoezi ya kiroho na kimwili yenye asili katika falsafa yaUhindi. Tangu miaka ya 1980 yoga ilisambaa pia nje ya Uhindi katika nchi za magharibi kama mazoezi ya kimwili. Katika utamaduni wa Kihindi yoga inatekelezwa pamoja na jitihada za kiroho na kidini kwenye msingi waUhinduna piaUbuddha.Mtu anayefanya mazoezi ya yoga huitwayogi.
Shabaha za Yoga
[hariri|hariri chanzo]Shabaha ya mazoezi ya yoga ni kujikamilisha kama binadamu mwenye mwili, nafsi na roho. Hapa ni wazo muhimu kutawala tamaa za mwili na roho zinazotazamiwa kama kizuizi kwenye njia ya kufikia ukamilifu. Kwa hiyo mwanafunzi wa yoga apate kujifunza nidhamu ya ndani na nidhamu ya kimwili.
Njia muhimu kuelekea shabaha hii ni kufanya mazoezi ya kudhibiti pumzi na kumakinisha fikra na hisia. Watendaji na walimu wa yoga huamini ya kwamba mazoezi haya yanachangia kwenye afya ya kimwili na kiroho. Kujifunza mikao fulani ya mwili ni mbinu ya kufikia shabaha za yoga.
Yoga katika Magharibi
[hariri|hariri chanzo]Yoga ilisambazwa na walimu kutoka Uhindini katikaUlayanaMarekani.Katika nchi hizi za magharibi ni zaidi mazoezi ya kimwili na elimu ya mikao yaliyopokelewa bila kuelewa asili katika roho ya Uhindu na falsafa yake. Yoga imependekezwa kama mbinu za kunpunza matatizo ya afya, kuimarisha musuli na hasa uti wa mgongo kwa watu wanaoketi muda mrefu ofisini, na kupunguza dhiki na shinikizo ya maisha ya kisasa (stress). Kwa hiyo matumizi yayoga inafanana kiasi na aina ya michezo.
Yoga na dini nyingine
[hariri|hariri chanzo]Kiasi mazoezi ya yoga yanaweza kufanana nataamuli za kirohojinsi zinavyopatikana pia katika dini kama Ukristo na Uislamu.
Ubuddha
[hariri|hariri chanzo]Madhehebu kadhaa za Ubuddha yanajua mazoezi yanayofanana na yoga, hasa upande waZen.Hapa njia za kutawala pumzi na fikra zinafundishwa pia, pamoja na mikao mbalimbali ya mwili. Ilhali kulikuwa na kipindi ca athira kubwa ya Kibuddha katika Uhindi inawezekana ya kwamba sehemu za mazoezi ya Yoga zina asili katika Ubuddha.
Ukristo
[hariri|hariri chanzo]- Kunawakristowanaotoa onyo dhidi ya matumizi ya yoga wakikazia asili yake katika Uhindu[1]
- katika kanisa katoliki mazoezi ya yoga yametumiwa kwa idhini ya papa na maaskofu ndani yamazoezi ya kiroho[2]
Uislamu
[hariri|hariri chanzo]- walimu na viongozi mbalimbali waUislamuwamekataza matumizi ya yoga, kwa mfano Misri, Indonesia na Malaysia[3]
- jumuiya zaWasufiwanatumia mbinu za kusimamia pumzi na mikao kadhaa yenye asili katika yoga.[4]
Mifano ya mazoezi ya yoga
[hariri|hariri chanzo]-
Sanamu ya mungu Siva katika mkao wa Yoga
-
Mazoezi ya kwanza ya yoga katika kikundu cha wanafunzi huko Marekani
-
Mkao mgumu wa yoga kwa watu wawili
Marejeo
[hariri|hariri chanzo]- ↑Dr Ankerberg, John & Dr Weldon, John, Encyclopedia of New Age Beliefs, Harvest House Publishers, 1996
- ↑Trying to reconcile the ways of the Vatican and of te East, New York Times January 7, 1990
- ↑"Fatwa ya Halmashauri Kuu ya Waislamu wa Malaysia inatangaza yoga kuwa haraam, ikitofautisha na mazoezi ya kimwili tu".Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutokachanzomnamo 2008-12-22.Iliwekwa mnamo2008-12-22.
- ↑"Carl W. Ernst, Situating Sufism and Yoga, review of article in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Apr., 2005), pp. 15- 43"(PDF).Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutokachanzo(PDF)mnamo 2014-08-24.Iliwekwa mnamo2015-05-21.
Kujisomea
[hariri|hariri chanzo]- Bryant, Edwin(2009).The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary.New York, USA: North Point Press.ISBN978-0865477360.
- Crangle, Edward Fitzpatrick (1994),The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices,Otto Harrassowitz Verlag
- Dhillon, Dalbir Singh (1988).Sikhism, Origin and Development.Atlantic Publishers. GGKEY:BYKZE4QTGJH.
- De Michelis, Elizabeth (2004).A History of Modern Yoga.London: Continuum.ISBN0-8264-8772-6.
- Dumoulin, Heinrich; Heisig, James W.; Knitter, Paul F. (2005).Zen Buddhism: a History: India and China.World Wisdom, Inc.ISBN978-0-941532-89-1.
- Eliade, Mircea(1958).Yoga: Immortality and Freedom.Princeton: Princeton University Press.ISBN978-0-691-14203-6.
- Feuerstein, Georg(1996).The Shambhala Guide to Yoga. 1st ed.Boston & London: Shambhala Publications.
- Flood, Gavin D. (1996),An Introduction to Hinduism,Cambridge University Press
- Goldberg, Philip (2010).American Veda. From Emerson and the Beatles to Yoga and Meditation. How Indian Spirituality Changed the West.New York: Harmony Books.ISBN978-0-385-52134-5.
- Flood, Gavin (1996).An Introduction to Hinduism.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN0-521-43878-0.
- Gambhirananda, Swami (1998).Madhusudana Sarasvati Bhagavad_Gita: With the annotation Gūḍhārtha Dīpikā.Calcutta:Advaita AshramaPublication Department.ISBN81-7505-194-9.
- Jacobsen, Knut A.; Larson, Gerald James (2005).Theory And Practice of Yoga: Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson.BRILL.ISBN978-90-04-14757-7.
- Larson, Gerald James (2008).The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation.Motilal Banarsidass.ISBN978-81-208-3349-4.
- Lidell, Lucy (1983).The Sivananda Companion to Yoga(PDF).London: Gaia Books Limited.ISBN0-684-87000-2.
- McEvilley, Thomas (2002).The shape of ancient thought.Allworth Communications.ISBN978-1-58115-203-6.
- Müller, Max(1899).Six Systems of Indian Philosophy; Samkhya and Yoga, Naya and Vaiseshika.Calcutta: Susil Gupta (India) Ltd.ISBN0-7661-4296-5.Reprint edition; Originally published under the title of "The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy."
- Possehl, Gregory(2003).The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective.AltaMira Press.ISBN978-0-7591-0172-2.
- Radhakrishnan, S.;Moore, CA (1967).A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy.Princeton.ISBN0-691-01958-4.
- Samuel, Geoffrey (2008),The Origins of Yoga and Tantra,Cambridge University Press,ISBN978-0-521-69534-3
- Satyananda, Swami(2008).Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha(PDF).Munger: Yoga Publications Trust.ISBN978-81-86336-14-4.Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutokachanzo(PDF)mnamo 2015-08-07.Iliwekwa mnamo2015-05-21.
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suggested) (help) - Taimni, I. K. (1961).The Science of Yoga.Adyar, India: The Theosophical Publishing House.ISBN81-7059-212-7.
- Werner, Karel (1998).Yoga And Indian Philosophy (1977, Reprinted in 1998).Motilal Banarsidass Publ.ISBN81-208-1609-9.
- Whicher, Ian (1998).The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga.SUNY Press.ISBN978-0-7914-3815-2.
- White, David Gordon (2011),Yoga, Brief History of an Idea (Chapter 1 of "Yoga in practice" )(PDF),Princeton University Press
- Worthington, Vivian (1982).A History of Yoga.Routledge.ISBN 0-7100-9258-X.
- Wynne, Alexander"The Origin of Buddhist Meditation."Routledge, 2007,ISBN 1-134-09741-7.
- Zimmer, Heinrich(1951),Philosophies of India,New York, New York: Princeton University Press,ISBN0-691-01758-1Bollingen Series XXVI; Edited by Joseph Cambell.
- Zydenbos, Robert.Jainism Today and Its Future.München: Manya Verlag, 2006. p. 66
- Tovuti ya mwalimu wa yoga Kriya Yoga Mahavatar Babaji