Afrika
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LocationAfrica.png/320px-LocationAfrica.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/EarthFromTheMoon-LRO-20151012a.jpg/200px-EarthFromTheMoon-LRO-20151012a.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Africa-asia-america-to-scale.jpg/220px-Africa-asia-america-to-scale.jpg)
Afrikanibarala pilidunianikwa ukubwa, likiwa na eneo lakilometa za mrabazipatazo 30,370,000 na kwaidadiya wakazi, hao wakiwa 1,225,080,510 (mwaka2016).Asiandiyo bara kubwa pekee zaidi ya Afrika.
Jina
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Africa_satellite_plane.jpg/250px-Africa_satellite_plane.jpg)
Neno"Afrika" limetokana nalughayaKilatiniyaRoma ya Kale.[1][2]kwajinahiloWaroma wa Kalewalitaja eneo katikaTunisiaya leo, hawakumaanisha bara lote.
Inasemekanaasiliyake nikabilala "Afrig" lililoishi sehemu zile,[3]lakini kuna pia maelezo mengine tofautitofauti.
Wakati huoWagiriki wa Kalewalitumia zaidi jina laLibyakwa ajili ya nchikusinikwaBahari ya Mediteranea,upande wa magharibi wa Misri.
Maeneo ya ndani kuelekea kusini mara nyingi yaliitwa kwa jina la "Ethiopia"linalomaanisha nchi ya watu weusiweusi (kwaKigiriki"aithiops": aliyechomwa najua).
Katikaramaniza kale kutokaUlayamaneno yote matatu ya "Afrika", "Lybia" na "Ethiopia" yanapatikana yakitumika kama jina la bara zima. Jina la "Afrika" limekuwa la kawaida kuanziakarne ya 16BK.
Jiografia
Afrika imezungukwa na bahari karibu pande zote. Kuna kiungo chembamba cha nchi kavu upande wakaskazinimasharikina bara la Asia kwenyerasi ya Sinai[4].
Upande wa kaskazini ikoBahari ya Mediteranea,upande wa mashariki kunaBahari Hindipamoja naBahari ya Shamuna upande wa magharibi ikoBahari Atlantiki.
Kunakisiwakikubwa chaMadagaskanafunguvisiwambalimbali.
Barani kunanchi huru54 zinazotambuliwa naUmoja wa Mataifa,maeneo 9 yenye hali ya pekee namadolamawili ambayo yanajitawala bila kutambuliwa kimataifa.
Kunaumbaliwakilomita8,000 kutokaRas ben SakkanchiniTunisia(37°21' N, sehemu ya kaskazini kabisa) hadi rasi yaCape AgulhasnchiniAfrika Kusini(34°51'15 "S, sehemu ya kusini kabisa)[5].
Umbali ni km 7,400 kutoka upande wa magharibi (rasi yaCape Verde,17°33'22 "W) hadi mashariki (Ras HafunnchiniSomalia,51°27'52 "E)[6].
Pwaniyote ya Afrika inaurefuwa kilomita 26,000.
Nchi kubwa ya Afrika niAlgeriana nchi ndogo ni funguvisiwa laShelishelikatika Bahari Hindi.[7]Nchi ndogo Afrika bara niGambia.
KijiolojiaAfrika iko kwenyebamba la Afrika.Lilebamba la ganduniala Afrika linaenea mbali zaidi kuliko maeneo tunayotazama kuwa Afrikakijiografia,ni pamoja na maeneo chini ya bahari linapopakana namabamba ya Ulaya-Asia,Uarabuni,UhindinaAustralia,Antaktika,Amerika ya KusininaKaskazini.Upande wa mashariki wa bamba la Afrika kunaufaunaozidi kupanuka ikielekea kujitenga kutoka Afrika kamabamba la Somalia.
Tabianchi
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Vegetation_Africa.png/300px-Vegetation_Africa.png)
Tabianchi ya Afrika ni pana, kuanzia kanda zatropikihadi kufikia maeneo yanusu-aktiki(baridi) kwenye ncha zamilimamirefu.
Nusu ya kaskazini ya bara nijangwaau angalauyabisi.Sehemu za kati na za kusini zina maeneo yasavannana kanda zamsitu wa mvua.
Afrika ni bara lenyejotokuliko mabara yote na asilimia 60 za uso wake ni maeneo yabisi aujangwa.[8]
Nchi za Afrika
Wakazi
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kobli1.jpg/250px-Kobli1.jpg)
Wataalamuwengi wanakubaliana kutambua Afrika kama asili yabinadamuwote walioko duniani.[9]
Mwaka 2010 idadi ya wakazi wa nchi zote za Afrika ilipitabilioni1. Ni kwambaidadiyao imeongezeka sana katika miaka 40 iliyopita, ikipiku zile zaUlayanaAmerika.
Ilhali mwaka1950walikuwepo Waafrika milioni 229 pekee, idadi iliongezeka kuwa milioni 630 mwaka1990na milioni 1200 mnamo2014.[10][11]
Hivyoasilimiayawatotonavijanani kubwa. Kuna nchi kadhaa ambako zaidi yanusuya wananchi wako chini yaumriwa miaka 25.[12]Wakazi wa Afrika ni vijana kuliko wale wa mabara mengine yote;[13][14]mwaka2012umri wa wastani ulikuwa miaka 19.7, wakati kidunia ulikuwa 30.4.[15]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sw/timeline/60lb0q01m53mz99yiv5i96lztswrrel.png)
Lugha
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Africa_ethnic_groups_1996.jpg/170px-Africa_ethnic_groups_1996.jpg)
Zaidi yalughaelfu za Kiafrika zinazungumzwa barani leo, ingawa nyingi zinazidi kufifia.
Kusini mwa Afrika,Afrika Masharikinaya Katiwatu wengi ni wasemaji walugha za Kibantu(kwa mfanoKiswahili). Asili yao ilikuwa pande za kusini zakanda ya Sahelna kutoka kule walienea katika sehemu nyingi za Afrika upande wa kusini kwa Sahara.[16]
Kuna pia vikundi vya wasemaji walugha za Kinilo-Saharawaliofika hadi Afrika ya Mashariki.
Wakazi asilia siku hizi wako wachache, wakionekana kama wasemaji walugha za Khoisanau zaWabilikimo.[17]
Watu wa Afrika Magharibi husema zaidiLugha za Kiniger-Kongohasa zisizo za Kibantu, pamoja na wasemaji wa lugha za Kinilo-Sahara.
Watu waAfrika ya Kaskazinikiasili walikuwa hasa wa makundi matatu:
Waarabuwaliovamia eneo hilo lote tangukarne ya 7BKwameleta lugha yao pamoja nadiniyaUislamu.Lugha yao imekuwa lugha ya watu wengi siku hizi. Wasemaji waKiberberbado wako wengi kidogoMorokonaAlgeriana wachache katika sehemu zaTunisianaLibya.[18]
Kutokana naukoloni,lugha za Kihindi-Kiulayazinazumgumzwa pia, hasaKiingereza,KifaransanaKireno.
Kiafrikaansni lugha ya pekee yaAfrika Kusiniyenye asili yaUlaya.
Katika kisiwa cha Madagaska kwenye Bahari ya Hindi, inatumika lugha yaKimalagasy,ambayo ni kati yalugha za Austronesia.
Dini
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Religion_distribution_Africa_crop.png/220px-Religion_distribution_Africa_crop.png)
Waafrika wanaimaniza dini nyingi tofauti, lakinitakwimuzinazotolewa hazina hakika, pia kwa sababu suala hilo ni nyeti kisiasa kwaserikalizenye mchanganyiko mkubwa wa watu, kama vileNigeria,EthiopianaTanzania.[19][20]
Kadiri yaWorld Book Encyclopedia,Islamndiyo inayoongoza, ikifuatwa naUkristo.Kumbe kadiri yaEncyclopedia Britannica,45% za wakazi niWakristo,40% niWaislamuna 10% wanafuatadini asilia za Kiafrika.Wachache tu niWahindu,Wabuddha,Wabaha'iau hawana dini yoyote.
Tazama pia
- Historia ya Afrika
- Orodha ya milima ya Afrika
- Mito mirefu ya Afrika
- Maziwa ya Afrika
- Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu
- Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu
Tanbihi
- ↑Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918)."Afri".In Georges, Heinrich (in German).Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch(8th ed.). Hannover.http://latin_german.deacademic /1644.Retrieved 20 September 2015.Archived16 Januari 2016 at theWayback Machine."Nakala iliyohifadhiwa".Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutokachanzomnamo 2016-01-16.Iliwekwa mnamo2016-03-01.
- ↑Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879)."Afer".A Latin Dictionary.Oxford: Clarendon Press.http:// perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DAfer.Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- ↑Edward Lipinski,Itineraria Phoenicia,Peeters Publishers, 2004, p. 200.ISBN 90-429-1344-4.
- ↑Drysdale, Alasdair and Gerald H. Blake. (1985)The Middle East and North Africa,Oxford University Press US.ISBN 0-19-503538-0.
- ↑Lewin, Evans. (1924)Africa,Clarendon press
- ↑(1998)Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (Index),Merriam-Webster, pp. 10–11.ISBN 0-87779-546-0.
- ↑Hoare, Ben. (2002)The Kingfisher A-Z Encyclopedia,Kingfisher Publications. p. 11.ISBN 0-7534-5569-2.
- ↑"Africa: Environmental Atlas, 06/17/08."Archived5 Januari 2012 at theWayback Machine.African Studies Center,University of Pennsylvania. Accessed June 2011.
- ↑Homo sapiens: University of Utah News Release: Feb. 16, 2005Archived24 Oktoba 2007 at theWayback Machine.
- ↑"Past and future population of AfricaArchived24 Septemba 2015 at theWayback Machine.".Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013).
- ↑UNICEF Report: Africa's Population Could Hit 4 Billion By 2100.National Public Radio(NPR). 13 August 2014.
- ↑"Africa Population Dynamics".Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutokachanzomnamo 2015-02-17.Iliwekwa mnamo2016-02-29.
- ↑http:// washingtonpost /news/wonkblog/wp/2015/08/17/5-ways-the-world-will-look-dramatically-different-in-2100/
- ↑Harry, Njideka U.. "African Youth, Innovation and the Changing Society",Huffington Post,11 September 2013.
- ↑ABDOULIE JANNEH (Aprili 2012)."item,4 of the provisional agenda - General debate on national experience in population matters: adolescents and youth"(PDF).UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA.Iliwekwa mnamo15 Desemba2015.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). "Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective".PUQ. p. 204.ISBN 2-7605-1588-5
- ↑"Pygmies struggle to survive in war zone where abuse is routine".TimesOnline. December 16, 2004.
- ↑"Q&A: The Berbers",12 March 2004. Retrieved on 30 December 2013.
- ↑"African Religion on the Internet"Archived9 Mei 2008 at theWayback Machine.,Stanford University
- ↑Onishi, Normitsu. "Rising Muslim Power in Africa Causing Unrest in Nigeria and Elsewhere",The New York Times,November 1, 2001. Retrieved on 2009-03-01.
Marejeo
- Asante, Molefi(2007).The History of Africa.USA: Routledge.ISBN0-415-77139-0.
- Clark, J. Desmond(1970).The Prehistory of Africa.London: Thames and Hudson.ISBN978-0-500-02069-2.
- Crowder, Michael (1978).The Story of Nigeria.London: Faber.ISBN978-0-571-04947-9.
- Davidson, Basil(1966).The African Past: Chronicles from Antiquity to Modern Times.Harmondsworth: Penguin.OCLC2016817.
- Gordon, April A.; Donald L. Gordon (1996).Understanding Contemporary Africa.Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.ISBN978-1-55587-547-3.
- Khapoya, Vincent B. (1998).The African experience: an introduction.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.ISBN978-0-13-745852-3.
- Moore, Clark D., and Ann Dunbar (1968).Africa Yesterday and Today,in series,The George School Readings on Developing Lands.New York: Praeger Publishers.
- Naipaul, V. S..The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief.Picador, 2010.ISBN 978-0-330-47205-0
- Besenyő, János.Western Sahara(2009), free online PDF book, Publikon Publishers, Pécs,ISBN 978-963-88332-0-4,2009
- Wade, Lizzie.Drones and satellites spot lost civilizations in unlikely places,Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa7864, 2015
- Petringa, Maria.Brazza, A Life for Africa,2006.ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0.
Viungo vya nje
- History of AfricaArchived7 Machi 2016 at theWayback Machine.Marco Notari, for Africa
- Afrikakatika Open Directory Project
- African & Middle Eastern Reading Roomfrom the United StatesLibrary of Congress
- Africa South of the SaharafromStanford University
- The Index on AfricafromThe Norwegian Council for Africa
- AlukaDigital library of scholarly resources from and about Africa
- Africa Interactive MapArchived17 Januari 2010 at theWayback Machine.from theUnited States Army Africa
- Historia
- Habari
- allAfricacurrent news, events and statistics
- Focus on Africamagazine fromBBC World Service