Karbon

Carbon,₆C
	Graphite (left) and diamond (right), two allotropes of carbon
Carbon
Allotropes	grapito,diyamanteat marami pa (tingnan ang mga alotropo ng karbon)
Appearance	graphite: black, metallic-looking; diamond: clear;
Standard atomic weightAr°(C)
	[12.0096,12.0116]; 12.011±0.002(pinaikli);
Carbon in theperiodic table
	boron←carbon→nitrogen
Atomic number(Z)	6
Group	14
Period	2
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[He] 2s22p2
Electrons per shell	2, 4
Physical properties
PhaseatSTP	solido
Sublimation point	3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F)
Density(nearr.t.)	graphite: 2.266 g/cm3; diamond: 3.515 g/cm3; amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3
Triple point	4600 K, 10,800 kPa
Heat of fusion	graphite: 117kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	graphite: 8.517 J/(mol·K); diamond: 6.155 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−4,−3,−2,−1,0,+1,+2,+3,+4(isang katamtamang asidikong oksido)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.55
Ionization energies	1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol; 2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol; 3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol; (more);
Covalent radius	sp3:77 pm; sp2:73 pm; sp: 69pm
Van der Waals radius	170 pm
	Mga linyang espektral ng carbon
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordiyal
Crystal structure	graphite: simple hexagonal(hP4)
Lattice constants	a= 246.14 pm; c= 670.94 pm; (at 20 °C)
Crystal structure	diamond: face-centered diamond-cubic(cF8)
Lattice constant	a= 356.707 pm; (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	diamond: 0.8 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	graphite: 119–165 W/(m⋅K); diamond: 900–2300 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	graphite: 7.837 µΩ⋅m
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	diamond:−5.9×10−6cm3/mol
Young's modulus	diamond: 1050 GPa
Shear modulus	diamond: 478 GPa
Bulk modulus	diamond: 442 GPa
Speed of soundthin rod	diamond: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	diamond: 0.1
Mohs hardness	graphite: 1–2; diamond: 10
CAS Number	atomic carbon: 7440-44-0; graphite: 7782-42-5; diamond: 7782-40-3;
History
Discovery	EgyptiansandSumerians(3750 BCE)
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier(1789)
Isotopes of carbon t; b;
	Kategorya: Carbon; tingnan; usapan; baguhin; \|references

Para sa ibang gamit, tingnan angKarbon (paglilinaw).

Angcarbono(Ingles:carbon) ay isangelementong kimikalsatalahanayang peryodikona sinasagisag ng simbolongCat nagtataglay ngatomikong bilang6.

Matatagpuan ang karbon sa lahat ng organikongbuhayat ang batayan ngorganikong kimika.May interesadongkatangiang kimikalang hindimetalna elementong ito na maaaring ikawi sa sarili nito at sa malawak na iba't ibang mga elemento, binubuo ang halos 10 milyong mgakompuwesto.Kapag sinama saoksihena,binubuo angdioksido karbono(carbon dioxide) na napakahalaga para sa paglago ng isanghalaman.Kapag sinama saidroheno,binubuo ito ng mga iba't ibang mga kompuwesto na tinatawag na mgaidrokarburo(hydrocarbons) na mahalaga para sa industriya sa anyo ng mgafossil fuel(panggatongfossil). Kapag pinagsama sa parehong oksihena at idroheno, bumubuo ito ng mga iba't ibang mga kompuwesto kabilang ang mgamatatabang asido,na mahalaga sa buhay, at mgaester,na nabigigay lasa sa maraming mgaprutas.Karaniwang ginagamit saradyoaktibong pagtatayaangkarbon-14naisotope.

Mga sanggunian

↑"Standard Atomic Weights: Carbon"(sa wikang Ingles). CIAAW. 2009.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04)."Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry(sa wikang Ingles).doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603.ISSN 1365-3075.{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑^3.0^3.1^3.2Arblaster, John W. (2018).Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements.Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International.ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑Lide, D. R., pat. (2005).CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics(ika-86th (na) edisyon). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon".Carbon.14(6): 357–361.doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)".Carbon.43(6): 1115–1142.doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑"Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical"(PDF)(sa wikang Ingles).Nakuha noong2007-12-06.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑"Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP"(PDF)(sa wikang Ingles).Nakuha noong2007-12-06.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑"Carbon: Binary compounds"(sa wikang Ingles).Nakuha noong2007-12-06.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑^10.0^10.1^10.2^10.3^10.4Properties of diamond,Ioffe Institute Database
↑"Material Properties- Misc Materials".www.nde-ed.org.Nakuha noong12 Nobyembre2016.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
↑Weast, Robert (1984).CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110.ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑"History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky".Caer.uky.edu.Nakuha noong2008-09-12.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑Senese, Fred (2000-09-09)."Who discovered carbon?".Frostburg State University.Nakuha noong2007-11-24.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Carbon"(sa wikang Ingles). CIAAW. 2009.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04)."Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry(sa wikang Ingles).doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603.ISSN 1365-3075.{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[Arblaster_2018-3] 3.0^3.1^3.2Arblaster, John W. (2018).Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements.Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International.ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[CRC-4] Lide, D. R., pat. (2005).CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics(ika-86th (na) edisyon). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[triple2-5] Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon".Carbon.14(6): 357–361.doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[triple3-6] Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)".Carbon.43(6): 1115–1142.doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[7] "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical"(PDF)(sa wikang Ingles).Nakuha noong2007-12-06.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[8] "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP"(PDF)(sa wikang Ingles).Nakuha noong2007-12-06.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[9] "Carbon: Binary compounds"(sa wikang Ingles).Nakuha noong2007-12-06.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[ioffe-10] 10.0^10.1^10.2^10.3^10.4Properties of diamond,Ioffe Institute Database

[11] "Material Properties- Misc Materials".www.nde-ed.org.Nakuha noong12 Nobyembre2016.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[12] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds,in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

[13] Weast, Robert (1984).CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110.ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[14] "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky".Caer.uky.edu.Nakuha noong2008-09-12.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[15] Senese, Fred (2000-09-09)."Who discovered carbon?".Frostburg State University.Nakuha noong2007-11-24.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

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