Phylum
Sataksonomiyang larangan ngbiyolohiya,phylum[isahan] ophyla[maramihan];Griyego:Φῦλα), o anglapi,okalapian,ay isang kahanayang ng pagkakapangkat-pangkat na nasa antas sa ilalim ngkaharianat nasa ibabaw ngbiyolohiya.Kinuha ang salitang "phylum" mula saphylai(φυλαί) ng wikang Griyego, mga grupo ng mga angkan na naninirahan sa mga lungsod ng isinaunangGresya;may kakayahan at karapatan sa paghalal ng pinunong-kaangkan ang mgaphylai.Sa larangan ng taksonomiya, kinakatawan ng mga phylum ang pinakamalaki at pinakakaraniwang kinikilalang pagbubuklod-buklod ng mgahayopat iba pang mga nilalang na may-buhay, at may tiyak na mga katangiang pang-ebolusyonaryo, bagaman kung minsan maaaring ihanay ang mga mismong phylum sa mgasuperphyla(katulad ngEcdysozoana may walong phylum, kabilang ang mgaarthropodatbulating-bilog;at angDeuterostomiana kabilang ang mgaechinoderm,chordate,hemichordateatbulating-pana) (arrow worm).
Sa impormal na paraan, maaaring isipin na ang mga phylum isang paglilipon ng mga hayop batay sa isang panlahatangkayarian ng katawan;[1]Tinatawag itong pagpapangkat-pangkat na pangmorpolohiya(ayon sa pagkakahawig ng mga anatomiya). Samakatuwid, sa kabila ng tila pagkakaiba ng mgapanlabasna mga kaanyuhan ng mga nilalang, inihanay sila sa mga phylum ayon sa kanilang mgapanloobna kayarian.[2]Halimbawa, bagaman tila magkahiwalay at magkaiba, kapwa kabilang ang mgagagambaat mgaalimangosa mgaArthropoda,samantalang ang mgabulating-lupaatbulating-payat,bagaman magkahugis, ay mula sa dalawang kahanayan. Kabilang ang mga bulating-lupa sa mgaAnnelida,samantalang ang mga bulating-payat ay mula sa mgaPlatyhelminthes.Datapwa pinapayagan ngKodigong Pansandaigdigan ng Pagpapangalang Pang-botanikoang paggamit ng salitang "phylumilang panukoy sa mgahalaman,higit na mas ginagamit ng mga botanista ang salitang "kahatian".
Ang pinakakilalang mga phylum ng hayop ay angMollusca,Porifera,Cnidaria,Platyhelminthes,Nematoda,Annelida,Arthropoda,Echinodermata,atChordata.Sa huli nabibilang mga ang mgatao.Bagaman may 35 - humigit-kumulang - na mga phylum, kabilang sa siyam na nabanggit ang karamihan sa mgasari.Marami sa mga phylum ang nabubuhay sa tubig, at nag-iisa lamang ang wala sa mgakaragatanng mundo: ito angOnychophorao bulating-pelus (bulating-tersiyupelo).
Ang pinakabagong natuklasang sari ay angCycliophora[3],na natuklasan noong 1993; tatlong bagong sari lamang ang natuklasan sa loob ng huling dantaon.
Angpagsabog na Kambriyanoay isang malakihang pamumulaklak ng mga nilalang na may-buhay na naganap sa pagitan, humigit-kumulang, ng 530 at 520 milyong taon na ang nakalipas;[4]noong mga panahong ito mayroon nang mga nilalang na kahawig ng makabagong sari, bagaman hindi naman kabilang sa mga ito;[5]habang ang ilan naman ay parang mga kinatawan na nasa loob ngEdiacaran biota,nananatili itong isang usapin na kung ang lahat ba ng mga sari ay namumuhay na bago man dumating ang pagsabog. Sa loob ng maraming panahon, nagpabagu-bago ang mga gawain ng iba't ibang mga sari. Halimbawa, noong panahong Kambriyano, ang nakalalamang na mgamegafauna(megahayop), o malalaking mga hayop, ay ang mga artropoda, ngunit sa ngayon ang mga megahayop ay nalalamangan ng mga vertebrata (kordata)[6]Magpahanggang sa ngayon, ang pinaka-nakalalamang na sari ay ang mga artropoda.
Mga phyla
[baguhin|baguhin ang wikitext]Mga hayop
[baguhin|baguhin ang wikitext]Protostome | Bilateria | Nephrozoa | |
Deuterostome | |||
Basal/disputed | Non-Bilateria | ||
Vendobionta | |||
Parazoa | |||
Others |
Phylum | Kahulugan | Karaniwang pangalan | Natatanging katangian | Inilalarawang taxa |
---|---|---|---|---|
Annelida | Little ring[7]:306 | Segmented worms | Multiple circular segments | 22,000 + extant |
Agmata | Fragmented | Agmates | Calcareous conical shells | 5 species, extinct |
Archaeocyatha | Ancient cups | Archaeocyathids | An extinct taxon of sponge-grade, reef-building organisms living in warm tropical and subtropical waters during the Early Cambrian. | 3 known classes (Extinct) |
Arthropoda | Jointed foot | Arthropods | Segmented bodies and jointed limbs, withChitinexoskeleton | [8]20,000+ extinct | 1,250,000+ extant;
Brachiopoda | Arm foot[7]:336 | Lampshells[7]:336 | Lophophoreandpedicle | 300-500 extant; 12,000+ extinct |
Bryozoa(Ectoprocta) | Moss animals | Moss animals, sea mats, ectoprocts[7]:332 | Lophophore, no pedicle,ciliatedtentacles,anus outside ring of cilia | [8] | 6,000 extant
Chaetognatha | Longhair jaw | Arrow worms[7]:342 | Chitinousspines either side of head, fins | 100 extant |
Chordata | With a cord | Chordates | Hollowdorsal nerve cord,notochord,pharyngeal slits,endostyle,post-analtail | [8] | 55,000+
Cnidaria | Stinging nettle | Cnidarians | Nematocysts(stinging cells) | [8] | 16,000
Ctenophora | Comb bearer | Comb jellies[7]:256 | Eight "comb rows" of fused cilia | 100-150 extant |
Cycliophora | Wheel carrying | Symbion | Circular mouth surrounded by small cilia, sac-like bodies | 3+ |
Echinodermata | Spiny skin | Echinoderms[7]:348 | Fivefold radialsymmetryin living forms,mesodermalcalcified spines | [8]approx. 13,000 extinct | 7,500 extant;
Entoprocta | Insideanus[7]:292 | Goblet worms | Anus inside ring of cilia | 150 |
Gastrotricha | Hairy stomach[7]:288 | Gastrotrich worms | Two terminal adhesive tubes | 690 |
Gnathostomulida | Jaw orifice | Jaw worms[7]:260 | Tiny worms related to rotifers with no body cavity | 100 |
Hemichordata | Half cord[7]:344 | Acorn worms, hemichordates | Stomochordin collar,pharyngeal slits | 130 extant |
Kinorhyncha | Motion snout | Mud dragons | Eleven segments, each with a dorsal plate | 150 |
Loricifera | Corset bearer | Brush heads | Umbrella-like scales at each end | 122 |
Micrognathozoa | Tiny jaw animals | Limnognathia | Accordion-like extensiblethorax | 1 |
Medusoid | Jellyfish-like | Medusoids | These are extinct creatures described as jellyfish-like and inhabited the late Precambrian, Ediacaran and early Cambrian. | 18 genera, extinct |
Mollusca | Soft[7]:320 | Mollusks / molluscs | Muscular foot andmantleround shell | [8]80,000+ extinct[9] | 85,000+ extant;
Nematoda | Thread like | Round worms, thread worms[7]:274 | Round cross section,keratincuticle | [8] | 25,000
Nematomorpha | Thread form[7]:276 | Horsehair worms, gordian worms[7]:276 | Long, thin parasitic worms closely related to nematodes | 320 |
Nemertea | A sea nymph[7]:270 | Ribbon worms, rhynchocoela[7]:270 | Unsegmented worms, with a proboscis housed in a cavity derived from the coelom called the rhynchocoel | 1,200 |
Onychophora | Claw bearer | Velvet worms[7]:328 | Worm-like animal with legs tipped by chitinous claws | 200 extant |
Petalonamae | Shaped like leaves | No | An extinct phylum from the Ediacaran. They are bottom-dwelling and immobile, shaped like leaves (frondomorphs), feathers or spindles. | 3 classes, extinct |
Phoronida | Zeus's mistress | Horseshoe worms | U-shaped gut | 11 |
Placozoa | Plate animals | Trichoplaxes[7]:242 | Differentiated top and bottom surfaces, two ciliated cell layers, amoeboid fiber cells in between | 3 |
Platyhelminthes | Flat worm[7]:262 | Flatworms[7]:262 | Flattened worms with no body cavity. Many are parasitic. | [8] | 29,500
Porifera | Pore bearer | Sponges[7]:246 | Perforated interior wall, simplest of all known animals | [8] | 10,800 extant
Priapulida | LittlePriapus | Penis worms | Penis-shaped worms | 20 |
Proarticulata | Before articulates | Proarticulates | An extinct group of mattress-like organisms that display "glide symmetry." Found during the Ediacaran. | 3 classes, extinct |
Rhombozoa(Dicyemida) | Lozenge animal | Rhombozoans[7]:264 | Singleanteroposterioraxialcelledendoparasites, surrounded by ciliated cells | 100+ |
Rotifera | Wheel bearer | Rotifers[7]:282 | Anterior crown of cilia | [8] | 2,000
Saccorhytida | Saccus: "pocket" and "wrinkle" | Saccorhytus | Saccorhytus is only about 1 mm (1.3 mm) in size and is characterized by a spherical or hemispherical body with a prominent mouth. Its body is covered by a thick but flexible cuticle. It has a nodule above its mouth. Around its body are 8 openings in a truncated cone with radial folds. | 1 species, extinct |
Tardigrada | Slow step | Water bears, Moss piglets | Microscopic relatives of the arthropods, with a four segmented body and head | 1,000 |
Trilobozoa | Three-lobed animal | Trilobozoan | A taxon of mostly discoidal organisms exhibiting tricentric symmetry. All are Ediacaran-aged | 18 genera, extinct |
Vetulicolia | Ancient dweller | Vetulicolian | Might possibly be a subphylum of the chordates. Their body consists of two parts: a large front part and covered with a large "mouth" and a hundred round objects on each side that have been interpreted as gills - or at least openings in the vicinity of the animal. Their posterior pharynx consists of 7 segments. | 15 species, extinct |
Xenacoelomorpha | Strange hollow form | Subphylum Acoelomorpha and xenoturbellida | Small, simple animals.Bilaterian,but lacking typical bilaterian structures such as gut cavities, anuses, and circulatory systems[10] | 400+ |
Total: 40 | 1,525,000[8] |
Mga halaman
[baguhin|baguhin ang wikitext]Land plants | Viridiplantae | |
Green algae | ||
Other algae (Biliphyta)[11] |
Division | Meaning | Common name | Distinguishing characteristics | Species described |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anthocerotophyta[12] | Anthoceros-like plants | Hornworts | Horn-shapedsporophytes,no vascular system | 100-300+ |
Bryophyta[12] | Bryum-like plants, moss plants | Mosses | Persistent unbranchedsporophytes,no vascular system | 12,000 |
Charophyta | Chara-like plants | Charophytes | 1,000 | |
Chlorophyta | (Yellow-)green plants[7]:200 | Chlorophytes | 7,000 | |
Cycadophyta[13] | Cycas-like plants, palm-like plants | Cycads | Seeds, crown of compound leaves | 100-200 |
Ginkgophyta[14] | Ginkgo-like plants | Ginkgo, maidenhair tree | Seeds not protected by fruit (single living species) | 1 extant; 50+ extinct |
Glaucophyta | Blue-green plants | Glaucophytes | 15 | |
Gnetophyta[15] | Gnetum-like plants | Gnetophytes | Seeds and woody vascular system with vessels | 70 |
Lycopodiophyta,[16] |
Lycopodium-like plants Wolf plants |
Clubmosses & spikemosses | Microphyllleaves,vascular system | 1,290 extant |
Magnoliophyta | Magnolia-like plants | Flowering plants, angiosperms | Flowers and fruit, vascular system with vessels | 300,000 |
Marchantiophyta,[18] Hepatophyta[12] |
Marchantia-like plants Liver plants |
Liverworts | Ephemeral unbranchedsporophytes,no vascular system | 9,000 |
Polypodiophyta, | Polypodium-like plants |
Ferns | Megaphyllleaves,vascular system | 10,560 |
Pinophyta,[16] Coniferophyta[19] |
Pinus-like plants Cone-bearing plant |
Conifers | Cones containing seeds and wood composed of tracheids | 629 extant |
Rhodophyta | Rose plants | Red algae | Usephycobiliproteinsasaccessory pigments. | 7,000 |
Total: 14 |
Fungi
[baguhin|baguhin ang wikitext]Dibisyon | Kahulugan | Karaniwang pangalan | Natatanging katangian | Inilalarawang espesye |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ascomycota | Bladder fungus[7]:396 | Ascomycetes,[7]:396sac fungi | Tend to have fruiting bodies (ascocarp).[20]Filamentous, producing hyphae separated by septa. Can reproduce asexually.[21] | 30,000 |
Basidiomycota | Small base fungus[7]:402 | Basidiomycetes,[7]:402club fungi | Bracket fungi, toadstools, smuts and rust. Sexual reproduction.[22] | 31,515 |
Blastocladiomycota | Offshoot branch fungus[23] | Blastoclads | Less than 200 | |
Chytridiomycota | Little cooking pot fungus[24] | Chytrids | Predominantly Aquaticsaprotrophicor parasitic. Have a posteriorflagellum.Tend to be single celled but can also be multicellular.[25][26][27] | 1000+ |
Glomeromycota | Ball of yarn fungus[7]:394 | Glomeromycetes,AMfungi[7]:394 | Mainly arbuscular mycorrhizae present, terrestrial with a small presence on wetlands. Reproduction is asexual but requires plant roots.[22] | 284 |
Microsporidia | Small seeds[28] | Microsporans[7]:390 | 1400 | |
Neocallimastigomycota | New beautiful whip fungus[29] | Neocallimastigomycetes | Predominantly located in digestive tract of herbivorous animals. Anaerobic, terrestrial and aquatic.[30] | approx. 20[31] |
Zygomycota | Pair fungus[7]:392 | Zygomycetes[7]:392 | Most are saprobes and reproduce sexually and asexually.[30] | aprox. 1060 |
Total: 8 |
Protista
[baguhin|baguhin ang wikitext]Harosa | |
Protozoa |
Phylum/Dibisyon | Kahulugan | Karaniwang pangalan | Natatanging katangian | Halimbawa | Inilalarawang espesye |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amoebozoa | Amorphous animal | Amoebas | Presence ofpseudopodia | Amoeba | 2400 |
Bigyra | Two rings | ||||
Cercozoa | |||||
Choanozoa | Funnel animal | Presence of a colar of microvilli surrounding aflagellum | 125 | ||
Ciliophora | Cilia bearer | Ciliates | Presence of multiple cilia and acytostome | Paramecium | 4500 |
Cryptista | Hidden | ||||
Euglenozoa | True eye animal | Euglena | 800 | ||
Foraminifera | Hole bearers | Forams | Complex shells with one or more chambers | Forams | 10000, 50000 extinct |
Haptophyta | |||||
Loukozoa | Groove animal | ||||
Metamonada | Middle single-celled organisms | Giardia | |||
Microsporidia | Small spore | ||||
Myzozoa | Suckling animal | 1555+ | |||
Ochrophyta | Yellow plant | Diatoms | |||
Oomycota | Egg fungus[7]:184 | Oomycetes | |||
Percolozoa | |||||
Radiozoa | Ray animal | Radiolarians | |||
Sarcomastigophora | Flesh and whip bearer | ||||
Sulcozoa | |||||
Total: 19 |
The Catalogue of Life includesRhodophytaandGlaucophytain kingdom Plantae,[32]but other systems consider these phyla part of Protista.[33]
Bacteria
[baguhin|baguhin ang wikitext]Currently there are bacterial 40 phyla (not including "Cyanobacteria") that have been validly published according to theBacteriological Code[34]
- Acidobacteriota,phenotypically diverse and mostly uncultured
- Actinomycetota,High-G+C Gram positive species
- Aquificota,deep-branching
- Armatimonadota
- Atribacterota
- Bacillota,Low-G+C Gram positive species, such as the spore-formersBacilli(aerobic) andClostridia(anaerobic)
- Bacteroidota
- Balneolota
- Bdellovibrionota
- Caldisericota,formerly candidate division OP5,Caldisericum exileis the sole representative
- Calditrichota
- Campylobacterota
- Chlamydiota
- Chlorobiota,green sulphur bacteria
- Chloroflexota,green non-sulphur bacteria
- Chrysiogenota,only 3 genera (Chrysiogenes arsenatis,Desulfurispira natronophila,Desulfurispirillum alkaliphilum)
- Coprothermobacterota
- Deferribacterota
- Deinococcota,Deinococcus radioduransandThermus aquaticusare "commonly known" species of this phyla
- Dictyoglomota
- Elusimicrobiota,formerly candidate division Thermite Group 1
- Fibrobacterota
- Fusobacteriota
- Gemmatimonadota
- Ignavibacteriota
- Kiritimatiellota
- Lentisphaerota,formerly clade VadinBE97
- Mycoplasmatota,notable genus:Mycoplasma
- Myxococcota
- Nitrospinota
- Nitrospirota
- Planctomycetota
- Pseudomonadota,the most well-known phylum, containing species such asEscherichia coliorPseudomonas aeruginosa
- Rhodothermota
- Spirochaetota,species includeBorrelia burgdorferi,which causes Lyme disease
- Synergistota
- Thermodesulfobacteriota
- Thermomicrobiota
- Thermotogota,deep-branching
- Verrucomicrobiota
Archaea
[baguhin|baguhin ang wikitext]Currently there are 2 phyla that have been validly published according to theBacteriological Code[34]
- Nitrososphaerota
- Thermoproteota,second most common archaeal phylum
Other phyla that have been proposed, but not validly named, include:
- "Euryarchaeota",most common archaeal phylum
- "Korarchaeota"
- "Nanoarchaeota",ultra-small symbiotes, single known species
Tingnan din
[baguhin|baguhin ang wikitext]Mga sanggunian
[baguhin|baguhin ang wikitext]- ↑Valentine, James W. (2004).On the Origin of Phyla (Hinggil sa Pinagmulan ng mga Phylum).Chicago: Palimbagang Pampamantasan ng Chicago. p. 7. 0226845486.
{{cite book}}
:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)".Ginagamit na ang klasipikasyon ng mga organismo sa mga pamamaraan ng pag-aantas nang dumating ang ika-labimpito at ika-labingwalong mga dantaon. Karaniwang tinitipon ang mga nilalang ayon sa kanilang mga pagkakatulad na pang-morpolohiya,ayon sa kaalaman ng mga isinaunang mga dalubhasa, at ang mga kalipunang ito ay muling inihanay ayon sakanilangmga pagkakatulad, at iba pa, upang makabuo ng pag-aantas (hirarkiya)." - ↑Parker, Andrew (2003).In the blink of an eye: How vision kick-started the big bang of evolution (Sa isang kisap-mata: Paano pinanimulan ng paningin ang pagsabog at paglaganap ng ebolusyon).Sydney: Free Press. pp.1–4. 0743257332.
{{cite book}}
:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)"Ang trabaho ng biyolohistang ebololusyonaryo ay ang mabigyan ng kahulugan ang masalimuot na pagsasalunggatan ng hubog - hindi laging may kaugnayan sa pagitan ng panloob at panlabas na mga bahagi ng katawan. Noong unang kapanahunan ng paksang ito, naging lantad na ang mga kayariang panloob - sa pangkalahataan - ay higit na mahalaga sa mataas na kahanayan ng mga hayop, kaysa sa mga panlabas na hugis. Naglalagay ngmalawakang limitasyonang panlabas na kayarian sa kung paano humihinga, kumakain at gumagawa ng supling ang isang hayop." - ↑"…kapag may isang bagong tuklas na sari ng hayop, hindi man pangkaraniwan, maaaring ihanay ito sa isang kilala nang lupon ng mga nilalang na may katulad na kayarian ng katawan o sari. Bagaman mayroon nang higit sa 1.5 milyong kilalang mga sari sa mundo, maaari silang ihanay sa loob ng 35 o higit pa na mga sari. Kabilang sa mga ito ang mga kordata (chordate,mga vertebrata katulad ngtao), mga molusk (mga suso) at artropoda (may mga binting magkakaugpong; mga kulisap). Subalit, ang S. pandora ay lubhang hindi pangkaraniwan kung kaya't hindi ito maihanay sa kahit na anong umiiral na kasarian, at dahil dito isang bagong sari ang iminungkahi: angCycliophora"[1](pinuntahan ang URL noong 5 Hulyo 2006)
- ↑Valentine, J.W.; Jablonski, D.; Erwin, D.H. (1 Marso 1999)."Fossils, molecules and embryos: new perspectives on the Cambrian explosion (Mga bakas, molekula at embriyo: mga bagong pananaw hinggil sa Kambriyanong pagsabog)".Development (Kaunlaran).126:851–859.Nakuha noong17 Mayo2007.
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:Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|journal=
(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑Budd, G.E.; Jensen, S. (2000)."A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla (Isang mapagpunang pagsusuri ng talaan ng mga bakas ng saring bilateryano)".Biological Reviews.75(02): 253–295.doi:10.1017/S000632310000548X.Inarkibo mula saang orihinalnoong 15 Septiyembre 2019.Nakuha noong26 Mayo2007.
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:Check date values in:|archive-date=
(tulong) - ↑"Ang Kambriyanong Pagsabog… Ang hangganan ng mga organismo ay umaabot mula sa mga prokaryotikocyanobacteriahanggang sa mga eukaryotikong luntian at pulangalga,esponghang-dagat,brakyopoda,priyapulida,anelida,at maraming iba't ibang lipon ng mgaartropodagroups, maging mgaekinodermaat maaaring isa sa mga unangkordata."[2]Naka-arkibo2007-04-16 saWayback Machine.(pinuntahan ang URL noong 5 Hulyo 2006)
- ↑7.007.017.027.037.047.057.067.077.087.097.107.117.127.137.147.157.167.177.187.197.207.217.227.237.247.257.267.277.287.297.307.317.327.337.34Margulis, Lynn;Chapman, Michael J. (2009).Kingdoms and Domains(ika-4th corrected (na) edisyon). London: Academic Press.ISBN9780123736215.
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:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑8.008.018.028.038.048.058.068.078.088.098.10Maling banggit (Hindi tamang
<ref>
tag; walang binigay na teksto para sarefsna may pangalangZhang2013
); $2 - ↑Feldkamp, S. (2002)Modern Biology.Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, USA. (pp. 725)
- ↑Cannon, J.T.; Vellutini, B.C.; Smith, J.; Ronquist, F.; Jondelius, U.; Hejnol, A. (4 Pebrero 2016)."Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa".Nature.530(7588): 89–93.Bibcode:2016Natur.530...89C.doi:10.1038/nature16520.PMID26842059.S2CID205247296.
{{cite journal}}
:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑Maling banggit (Hindi tamang
<ref>
tag; walang binigay na teksto para sarefsna may pangalang6kingdoms
); $2 - ↑12.012.112.2Mauseth, James D. (2012).Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology(ika-5th (na) edisyon). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.ISBN978-1-4496-6580-7.
{{cite book}}
:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)p. 489 - ↑Mauseth 2012,p. 540.
- ↑Mauseth 2012,p. 542.
- ↑Mauseth 2012,p. 543.
- ↑16.016.1Maling banggit (Hindi tamang
<ref>
tag; walang binigay na teksto para sarefsna may pangalangCronquist 1966 129–134
); $2 - ↑Mauseth 2012,p. 509.
- ↑Crandall-Stotler, Barbara; Stotler, Raymond E. (2000). "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". Sa A. Jonathan Shaw; Bernard Goffinet (mga pat.).Bryophyte Biology.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 21.ISBN978-0-521-66097-6.
{{cite book}}
:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑Mauseth 2012,p. 535.
- ↑Wyatt, T., Wosten, H., Dijksterhuis, J. (2013). "Advances in Applied Microbiology Chapter 2 - Fungal Spores for Dispersion in Space and Time".Advances in Applied Microbiology.85:43–91.doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407672-3.00002-2.PMID23942148.
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:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link) - ↑"Classifications of Fungi | Boundless Biology".courses.lumenlearning.com.Nakuha noong2019-05-05.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑22.022.1"Archaeal Genetics | Boundless Microbiology".courses.lumenlearning.com.
- ↑Holt, Jack R.; Iudica, Carlos A. (1 Oktubre 2016)."Blastocladiomycota".Diversity of Life.Susquehanna University. Inarkibo mula saang orihinalnoong 30 Disyembre 2016.Nakuha noong29 Disyembre2016.
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:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑Holt, Jack R.; Iudica, Carlos A. (9 Enero 2014)."Chytridiomycota".Diversity of Life.Susquehanna University. Inarkibo mula saang orihinalnoong 19 Marso 2017.Nakuha noong29 Disyembre2016.
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:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑"Chytridiomycota | phylum of fungi".Encyclopedia Britannica(sa wikang Ingles).Nakuha noong2019-05-05.
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:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑McConnaughey, M (2014).Physical Chemical Properties of Fungi.doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.05231-4.ISBN9780128012383.
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:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑Taylor, Krings and Taylor, Thomas, Michael and Edith (2015). "Fossil Fungi Chapter 4 - Chytridiomycota".Fossil Fungi:41–67.doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387731-4.00004-9.
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:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (link) - ↑Holt, Jack R.; Iudica, Carlos A. (12 Marso 2013)."Microsporidia".Diversity of Life.Susquehanna University. Inarkibo mula saang orihinalnoong 30 Disyembre 2016.Nakuha noong29 Disyembre2016.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑Holt, Jack R.; Iudica, Carlos A. (23 Abril 2013)."Neocallimastigomycota".Diversity of Life.Susquehanna University. Inarkibo mula saang orihinalnoong 20 Hunyo 2016.Nakuha noong29 Disyembre2016.
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:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑30.030.1"Types of Fungi".BiologyWise(sa wikang Ingles). 22 Mayo 2009.Nakuha noong2019-05-05.
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:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑Wang, Xuewei; Liu, Xingzhong; Groenewald, Johannes Z. (2017)."Phylogeny of anaerobic fungi (phylum Neocallimastigomycota), with contributions from yak in China".Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.110(1): 87–103.doi:10.1007/s10482-016-0779-1.PMC5222902.PMID27734254.
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:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑Maling banggit (Hindi tamang
<ref>
tag; walang binigay na teksto para sarefsna may pangalangCoLtree
); $2 - ↑Corliss, John O. (1984). "The Kingdom Protista and its 45 Phyla".BioSystems.17(2): 87–176.doi:10.1016/0303-2647(84)90003-0.PMID6395918.
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:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑34.034.1Euzéby JP, Parte AC."Names of phyla".List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature(LPSN).Nakuha noongAbril 3,2022.
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Mga ugnayang panlabas
[baguhin|baguhin ang wikitext]- American Heritage Dictionary (Diksiyunaryo ng Pamanang Amerikano)Naka-arkibo2007-02-10 saWayback Machine.:Phylum,bagong salitang Latin, mula sa Griyegongphūlon(klase).
- Diksiyunaryong pang-Etimolohiya sa internet:mula sa Griyegongphylon(lahi, lipi, kasapi, pinagmulan); na kaugnay ngphyle(tribo, angkan), atphylein(dalhin dito) ngphysikos(tumutukoy sa kalikasan); mula saphysis(kalikasan)