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Tanzania

Kufuma Wikipedia
United Republic of Tanzania
Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania(Swahili)
Mbendela Chidindo cha Boma
Chiluso:"Uhuru na Umoja"(Swahili)
"Freedom and Unity"
Nyimbo:"Mungu ibariki Afrika"
"God Bless Africa"
Location of Tanzania (dark green) in eastern Africa
Location of Tanzania (dark green) in eastern Africa
Location of Tanzania (dark green) in eastern Africa
Map of Tanzania
Map of Tanzania
Map of Tanzania
Msumba WabomaDodoma
Msumba usani Dar es Salaam
Chiyowoyelo chaboma
National language Swahili[1]
Other languages Over 100 languages,including (1m+):
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu Over100 ethnic groups
Vipembezo
Mwenecharu Tanzanian
Mtundu wa Boma Unitarydominant-partypresidentialrepublic
- President Samia Suluhu Hassan
- Vice-President Philip Mpango
- Prime Minister Kassim Majaliwa
- Speaker Tulia Ackson
- Chief Justice Ibrahim Hamis Juma
Independencefrom theUnited Kingdom,theGerman Empireand theOmani Empire
- Tanganyika 9 December 1961
- Zanzibar 10 December 1963
- Merger 26 April 1964
- Current constitution 25 April 1977
Ukulu wa Malo
- Malo 947,303 km2(30th)
365,756[2]sq mi
- Maji (%) 6.4[2]
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
- 2022 census 61,741,120[3]
- Density 47.5/km2(157th)
123.1/sq mi
GDP(PPP) 2022 estimate
- Total Increase$207.5 billion[4](72nd)
- Per capita Increase$3,374[4](161th)
GDP(nominal) 2022 estimate
- Total Increase$76.5[4]billion (76th)
- Per capita Increase$1,245[4](164th)
Gini(2017)Negative increase40.5[5]
medium
HDI(2021)Increase0.549[6]
medium·160th
Ndalama Tanzanian shilling(TZS)
Mtundu Wanyengo East Africa Time(UTC+3)
Kalembelo kasiku dd/mm/yyyy
Woko la galimoto left
ISO 3166 code TZ
Intaneti yacharu .tz

Tanzaniantchalo icho chili kumpoto cha kumafumilo ya zuba ya chalo chaMalaŵi.Chalo ichi kumpoto kwake kuli chalo chaKenya,kumafumilo ya zuba yakhe kuli nyanja ya mchele yaIndian Oceanndipo ku mwela kwake kuli chalo chaMoçambique.Chalo ichi chili na vinyama vinandi.

Mbiri[lemba|kulemba source]

Chiŵiya chakudumura malibwe icho chili na vyaka 1.8 miliyoni, icho ŵakasanga kuOlduvai Gorgendipo ŵali kuchiŵika kuBritish Museum

Kale[lemba|kulemba source]

Charu cha Tanzania nchimoza mwa vyaru vyakale comene pa caru capasi. Viwangwa vya ŵanthu na vyamoyo vinyake vya ŵanthu vikaŵako mu nyengo yaQuaternary.Olduvai Gorge,muNgorongoro Conservation Area,UNESCO World Heritage Site,yili na vinthu ivyo vikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito vinthu ivi.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku East Africa ŵakughanaghana kuti mbanthu ŵa kuŵaHadzanaŵaSandaweŵa ku Tanzania.[7]

Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ku South Kushitic ndiwo ŵakamba kusama kufuma ku Ethiopia na Somalia kuya ku Tanzania. Ŵanthu aŵa mbakufuma ku chiyowoyero cha Iraqi, Gorowa, na Burunge. Kuyana na maukaboni gha chiyowoyero, ŵanthu ŵa ku East Cushitic ŵakaluta ku Tanzania vyaka 4,000 na 2,000 ivyo vyajumpha.[7]

Ukaboni wa vinthu vyakusangika kale ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku South Nilotes, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku Datooga, ŵakasamira kumwera kufuma ku chigaŵa icho sono ni mphaka pakati paSouth SudannaEthiopia.[7]

Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa ndipo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyaNyanja ya VictorianaNyanja ya Tanganyika.Ŵakiza na mitheto ya vyakumera mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Kufuma apo, ŵakafumamo mu vigaŵa ivi na kuluta ku vigaŵa vinyake vya Tanzania pakati pa vyaka 2,300 na 1,700 ivyo vyajumpha.[7]

Ŵanthu ŵa kuEast Nilotic,kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa kuMasai,ndiwo ŵakasama kufuma ku South Sudan mu vyaka 500 m'paka 1,500 ivyo vyajumpha.[7][8]

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ŵakugwira nchito ya kupanga visulo na visulo. Ŵanthu ŵa kuParendiwo ŵakapanganga visulo vya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku mapiri gha kumpoto kwa Tanzania.[9]Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Haya awo ŵakakhalanga ku vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Victoria ŵakapanga ng'anjo ya moto, iyo yikaŵawovwira kuti ŵapangenge visulo vya karboni pa nyengo iyo kukaŵa kotcha chomene.[10]

Ŵalendo na ŵamalonda ŵakufuma kuPersian GulfnaIndiaŵakalutanga ku East Africa kwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E.[11]Chisimu aŵala ŵaŵaliji pachilambo cha Swahili,ŵaŵaliji pa chilambocho ikaŵeje m'ma 700 kapena 800 AD.[12]

Vyaka vyapakati[lemba|kulemba source]

Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyangachiBantuŵakazenga mizi yakulimira na kuguliska vinthu mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Tanzania kwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E. Vinthu vyakusangika ku Fukuchani, kumpoto kwa Zanzibar, vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha m'ma 600 C.E. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikasangika pa malo agha vikulongora kuti ŵakazenga nyumba za mathabwa. Pali ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga vinthu pa mtunda utali chomene yayi. Ŵakasanga vinthu vichoko waka vyakuzengera ku charu chinyake. Kuyana kwa malo agha na malo ghanyake nga niMkokotoninaDar es Salaam,kukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pamoza. Vikuwoneka kuti misumba iyi yikachitanga malonda mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean na mu Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., malonda ghakalutilira kukura ndipo kuumaliro wa m'ma 900 C.E., Zanzibar yikaŵa msumba ukuru wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili.[13]

Kukula kwa sitima za kuEgyptnaPersiankufuma kuNyanja Yiswesina Persian Gulf kukakhozga malonda gha kuIndian Ocean,comenecomene pamanyuma pakuti Fatimid Caliphate yikasamukira ku Fustat (Cairo). Ŵalimi ŵa Chiswahili ŵakazenga mizi yinandi kuti ŵaguliskane vinthu. Ufumu wa Venda-Shona wa Mapungubwe naZimbabwemuSouth Africana Zimbabwe, vikamba kupanga golide mu nyengo yeneyiyi. Ufumu wa Kilwa ndiwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa vya cuma, vya ŵanthu, na vya cisopa. Kilwa wakaŵa na vipata vichoko ivyo vikafika m'paka ku Mozambique. Sofala wakazgoka malo ghakurughakuru ghakusungirako golide ndipo Kilwa wakazgoka musambazi cifukwa ca malonda agha. Ku mpoto kwa charu ichi ndiko kukaŵa Mombasa na Malindi. Kilwa ndiyo yikaŵa boma likuru comene ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa mpaka apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakiza ku Africa kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1400.[14]

Mu chaka cha 1954, Julius Nyerere wakasintha gulu ili kuŵa gulu la ndyali laTanganyika African National Union(TANU). Cakulinga cikuru ca TANU cikaŵa cakuti Tanganyika yiŵe na wanangwa wa kuwusa. Ŵakapanga kampeni yakulembeska ŵanthu ŵaphya, ndipo mu caka cimoza, TANU yikazgoka gulu likuru la ndyali mu caru ici. Nyerere wakaŵa nduna ya boma la Tanganyika mu 1960 ndipo wakalutilira kuŵa nduna yikuru mu 1961 apo Tanganyika yikajiyimira yekha.[15]

Koloni[lemba|kulemba source]

Chithunzi cha 1572 cha mzinda waKilwa,malo aUNESCO World Heritage Site

Pakukhumba malo agha, Sultan waOmanSaid bin Sultanwakasamuskira msumba wake kuZanzibar Citymu 1840. Mu nyengo iyi, Zanzibar yikazgoka malo ghakusangirako ŵazga ŵa ku East Africa.[16]Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zanzibar awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵakaŵa pakati pa 65 na 90 peresenti.[17]Yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga ku East Africa wakaŵaTippu Tip,uyo wakaŵa muzukuru wa munthu wa ku Africa uyo wakaŵa muzga. Ŵanthu ŵaNyamweziŵakendanga na ŵazga awo ŵakalongozgekanga naMsirinaMirambo.[18]Kuyana naTimothy Insoll,"Vikulongora kuti mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵazga 718 000 ŵakatolekera ku vyaru vinyake kufuma ku Swahili, ndipo 769,000 ŵakasungika ku vyaru vinyake".[19]Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1890, ŵazga ŵakalekeka.[20]

Nkhondo yaMaji Maji Rebellionyolimbana ndi ulamuliro waGerman East Africamu 1905.

Mu 1863, gulu la Holy Spirit Mission likakhazikiska malo ghakwambilira gha kupokelera ŵalendo mu Zanzibar. Mu 1877, pakulondezga ivyoHenry Morton Stanleywakacita apo wakaluta ku Africa, ndipo ThembaMutessa I la Bugandalikamuzomerezga Stanley, mpingo wa Church Missionary Society ukatuma ŵamishonaleEdward John Baxterna Henry Cole kuti ŵakhazikiske maofesi gha mu caru.[21][22][23]Mu 1885,Germanyyikathereska vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Tanzania (kwambura Zanzibar) na kuviŵika muGerman East Africa(GEA).[24]Pa 7 Meyi 1919, khoti likuru laParis Peace Conferencelikapeleka GEA yose kuBritain,nangauliBelgiumyikaŵasuska.Secretary of State for the Colonies,Alfred Milner,andBelgium's minister to the conference,Pierre Orts,then negotiated theAnglo-Belgian agreementof 30 May 1919 Mulembi wa boma wa Britain wakuwona vya maboma, Alfred Milner, na nduna ya Belgium yakuwona vya maboma, Pierre Orts, ŵakadumbiskana za phangano la Anglo-Belgian la 30 May 1919 Apo Britain yikapeleka vigaŵa vya kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa GEA vyaRuandanaUrundiku Belgium.[25]Komiti Yakulaŵilira Malango ya ungano uwu yikazomerezga phangano ili pa Julayi 16, 1919.[25]Pa Ogasiti 7, 1919, Khoti Likuru Chomene likazomera phangano ili.[26]Pa Julayi 12, 1919, Komiti ya Mandates yikakolerana kuti chigaŵa chichoko chaKionga Trianglekumwera kwa Mlonga wa Rovuma chipelekekenge kuMozambique.[25]Komiti iyi yikati mu 1894, caru ca Germany cikacicizga caru ca Portugal kuti cipeleke malo agha.[25]Phangano la Versailleslikalembeka pa 28 Juni 1919, kweni likamba kugwira ntchito pa 10 Janyuwale 1920. Pa zuŵa ili, boma la Britain, Belgium, na Portugal ndilo likamba kulamulira charu ichi. Kweniso pa zuŵa ili, "Tanganyika" likazgoka zina la caru ca Britain. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kulamulira charu cha Tanzania.[27]

Chigaluka cha Maji-Maji,pakati pa 1905 na 1907, chikaŵa chigaluka cha mafuko ghanandi gha ku Africa mu German East Africa kwimikana na maboma gha maboma gha vyaru vinyake. Ŵakaŵasuzga comene, ndipo pamoza na njara, ŵanthu 300,000 ŵakafwa.[28]

Mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, ŵanthu pafupifupi 100,000 ŵakufuma ku Tanganyika ŵakanjira usilikari.[29]Ndipo ŵakaŵa pakati pa Ŵafrika 375,000 awo ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari aŵa.[30]Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanganyika ŵakarwa mu gulu laKing's African Riflesmu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku East Africa kuSomaliana Ethiopia kuAbyssinia,kuMadagascarkuVichy Frenchmu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku Madagascar, na kuBurmakuJapanmu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku Burma.[30]Charu cha Tanganyika chikaŵa na vyakurya vinandi chomene mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyi, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakaguliskanga zikaŵa zinandi chomene pakuyaniska na izo ŵakaguliskanga pambere nkhondo yindambe.[29]Ndipouli, cifukwa ca nkhondo, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora comene mu cigaŵa ici.[31]

Mu 1954,Julius Nyererewakasintha wupu uwu kuŵa gulu la ndyali laTanganyika African National Union(TANU). Cakulinga cikuru ca TANU cikaŵa cakuti Tanganyika yiŵe na mazaza. Ŵakapanga kampeni yakulembeska ŵanthu ŵaphya, ndipo mu caka cimoza, TANU yikazgoka gulu likuru la ndyali mu caru ici. Nyerere wakaŵa nduna ya boma la Tanganyika mu 1960 ndipo wakalutilira kuŵa nduna yikuru mu 1961 apo Tanganyika yikajiyimira yekha.[32]

Mazuŵa Ghano[lemba|kulemba source]

Ufumu wa Britain ukamara pa Disembala 9, 1961.Elizabeth II,uyo wakakhala pa chitengo cha ufumu wa Britain mu 1952, wakalutilira kuwusa mu chaka chakwamba cha kujithemba kwa Tanganyika, kweni sono niFumukazi ya Tanganyika,ndipo wakuyimilirika na kazembe mukuru. Mu 1961, charu cha Tanganyika nacho chikaŵa mu wupu waBritish Commonwealth.Pa Disembala 9, 1962, charu cha Tanganyika chikazgoka charu cha demokilase icho chikaŵa na pulezidenti.

Pambuyo pakusintha kwa Zanzibarkomwe kunagwetsa ufumu wachiarabu ku Zanzibar yoyandikana nayo, limodzi ndi kuphedwa kwa zikwizikwi zaAarabu a Zanzibar,[33]chirwa ichi chikajiyimira paŵekha mu 1963, ndipo chikasazgikana na charu cha Tanganyika pa 26 Epulero 1964.[34]Kufuma apo, caru ciphya ici cikacemekaUnited Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.[35][36]Pa Okutobala 29 wa chaka chenechichi, charu ichi chikachemeka United Republic of Tanzania ( "Tan" kufuma ku Tanganyika na "Zan" kufuma ku Zanzibar). Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa chakususkana chomene na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zanzibar (nanga ni awo ŵakakolerana na chipani ichi) kweni boma laNyererena boma la Zanzibar ŵakazomera chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakakolerana.

Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Tanganyika chajiyimira pawekha na kuwungana na charu cha Zanzibar kuti chiŵe charu cha Tanzania, Pulezidenti Nyerere wakadidimizga kuti ntchakukhumbikwa kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu chiphya ŵamanye umo charu chawo chiliri. Kuti ivi vicitike, Nyerere wakapeleka ivyo vikuwoneka nga ni umo ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikiranga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake na kusintha zina lawo mu Africa.[37]Ku Tanzania kuli viyowoyero vyakujumpha 130. Nangauli pakaŵa suzgo ili, kweni ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene mu Tanzania pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene Kenya. Kweniso kufuma apo charu cha Tanzania chikapokera wanangwa wake, chikaŵa na mtende wa ndyali kuluska vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa.[38]

Chipilala cha Chipharazgo cha Arusha

Mu chaka cha 1967, boma la Nyerere likamba kughanaghana vya ndyali za kumalyero pamanyuma pa chikalata cha Arusha, icho chikalembapo zasocialismkwenisopan-Africanism.Pamanyuma pa pharazgo ili, mabanki na mafakitale ghanandi ghakaŵa gha boma.

Charu cha Tanzania chikakolerana na charu chaChina,icho kufuma mu 1970 m'paka mu 1975 chikapeleka ndalama na kovwira kuzenganjanji ya TAZARAya makilomita 1,860 kufuma ku Dar es Salaam m'paka ku Zambia.[39]Ndipouli, kwamba m'ma 1970, vinthu vikamba kunangika mu Tanzania chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma ilo likaŵa mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana.

Kulemba mabuku[lemba|kulemba source]

Malo agha ghakukwana makilomita 947,303,[2]Charu cha Tanzania chili pa nambara 13 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru mu Africa ndipo pa nambara 31 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chose chapasi.[40]Charu ichi chili kumpoto na Kenya na Uganda, kumanjiliro gha dazi na Rwanda, Burundi, na Democratic Republic of Congo, ndipo kumwera na Zambia, Malawi, na Mozambique. Charu cha Tanzania chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa.[41]Mu charu ichi muli virwa vinandi nga niUnguja(Zanzibar),Pemba,naMafia.Charu ichi chili na malo ghapachanya na ghachoko chomene mu Africa: Phiri la Kilimanjaro, ilo lili pa mamita 5,895 (mamita 19,341) pachanya pa nyanja, naNyanja ya Tanganyika,iyo yili pa mamita 1,471 (mamita 4,826) pachanya pa nyanja.

Kusamalika kwa viyuni vyamuthondo muSerengeti

Charu cha Tanzania chili na mapiri ghanandi kweniso nkhorongo kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Viziŵa vikuruvikuru vitatu vya mu Africa vili mu Tanzania. Kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli Nyanja ya Victoria, nyanja yikuru comene mu Africa, na Nyanja ya Tanganyika, nyanja yakunyang'amira comene mu Africa. Kumwera kwa nyanja iyi kuli Nyanja ya Nyasa. Charu chapakati cha Tanzania chili na mapiri ghakuru na malo ghakutowa. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi ni yakuzizima na yakututuŵa, ndipo mumphepete mwa nyanja muli virwa vyaZanzibar.

Kalambo Fallsmu chigaŵa cha kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwaRukwani maji ghaŵiri ghatali chomene mu Africa, ndipo ghali pafupi na nyanja ya Tanganyika.[42]Maloghakuvikilirika gha Menai Bayni malo ghakuru chomene ku Zanzibar.

Umoyo[lemba|kulemba source]

Tanzania mapu of Köppen climate classification

Nyengo ya mu Tanzania yikupambana chomene. Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri, mu nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzizima, matenthedwe ghakuŵa pakati pa 10 na 20 °C. Ku vigaŵa vinyake vya charu ichi, matenthe ghakukhizga chomene yayi. Nyengo yakuzizima chomene yikuŵa pakati pa Novembala na Febuluwale (25°C panji 77.0°F) apo nyengo yakuzizima chomene yikuŵa pakati pa Meyi na Ogasiti (15°C panji 59°F). Kutentha kwa pachaka ndi 20 °C (68.0 °F). Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri muli mphepo yakuzizima.

Kusintha kwa nyengo ku Tanzania kukupangiska kuti vula yambe kuwa chomene (kukaŵa na maji ghanandi) kweniso kukaŵa chilangalanga.[43][44]Kusintha kwa nyengo kukukhwaska kale vyalo vya Tanzania nga ni ulimi, maji, umoyo na nkhongono. Kuwuka kwa nyanja na kusintha kwa umo maji ghakukhalira vikukhwaska somba na vyakumera.[45]

Charu cha Tanzania chikapangaNational Adaptation Programs of Action(NAPAs) mu chaka cha 2007 nga umo chikalembeka na United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Mu 2012, charu cha Tanzania chikapanga ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa nyengo chifukwa cha kufipa mtima na umo vinthu vyasinthira pa charu.[46]

Vinyama vyamuthondo na kuvikilira[lemba|kulemba source]

Chilombo cha Masaindi chinyama cha dziko la Tanzania

Ku Tanzania kuli vinyama vinandi vya ndopa zakotcha ivyo vili na viŵaro pafupifupi 20 pa viŵaro vyose vya mu Africa. Malo agha ghakukwana makilomita ghakujumpha 42,000 ndipo ghakukwana 38 peresenti ya charu ichi.[47]Ku Tanzania kuli malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo 21,[48]Kweniso kuli malo ghakupambanapambana gha vinyama na nkhorongo, kusazgapo malo ghaNgorongoro Conservation Area,kweni pali ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu Ngorongoro ndipo ŵakukhumba kunanga malo. Ku Tanzania kumanjiliro gha dazi,Gombe Stream National Parkndiko Jane Goodall wakambira kusambira za kachitiro kachimpanzees.[49][50]

Ku Tanzania kuli vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana.[51]Mu malo ghaSerengetiku Tanzania, kuli viyuni vinyake nga ni viyuni vyamuthondo (Connochaetes taurinus mearnsi) na viyuni vinyake nga ni mbuzi (zebra)[52]Ŵakuchitako ulendo ukuru wa pa chaka. Mu charu cha Tanzania muli vyamoyo vyakujumpha 130 vya viyuni vyaamphibianna vyamoyo vyakujumpha 275 vya vinyama ivyo vikukhwaŵa.[53]Ku Tanzania ndiko kuli nkharamu zinandi comene pa caru cose.[54]

Charu cha Tanzania chikaŵa na chiŵerengero cha 7.13/10 pa vyaru 172.[55]

Ukaboni[lemba|kulemba source]

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