Vikinglar

Vikinglar(qadimgi skandinavcha:víkingr— „qaroqchi “^[1]) —8-asroxiri —11-asroʻrtalaridaYevropamamlakatlariga dengiz yoʻli orqali savdo-sotiq uchun borgan, qaroqchilik va bosqinchilik yurishlari qilgan skandinavlar.^[2]^[3]^[4]Rusda ularni varyaglar, Gʻarbiy Yevropada normandlar deb atashgan. 9-asrda vikinglar Shimoli-Sharqiy Angliyani, 10-asrda esa Shimoliy Fransiyani bosib olishgan. VikinglarShimoliy Amerikagaqadar yetib borishgan.

Manbalar[tahrir|manbasini tahrirlash]

↑Whitelock, Dorothy.Sweetʼs Anglo-Saxon Reader,OUP 1967, a. 392
↑„Viking “.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc..— „Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... “. 5-may 2019-yilda asl nusxadanarxivlangan.Qaraldi: 30-sentabr 2018-yil.
↑Linton, Michael I. A.; Nokkentved, Christian„Denmark: The Viking Era “.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc..— „Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland “. 30-sentabr 2018-yilda asl nusxadanarxivlangan.Qaraldi: 30-sentabr 2018-yil.
↑Roesdahl, s. 9-22.

Adabiyotlar[tahrir|manbasini tahrirlash]

OʻzME.Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil

Askeberg, Fritz.Norden och kontinenten i gammal tid: studier i forngermansk kulturhistoria.Almqvist & Wiksells boktr., 1944.
Blanck, Dag. „The Transnational Viking: The Role of the Viking in Sweden, the United States, and Swedish America. “Journal of Transnational American Studies7.1 (2016).online

Oʻqish uchun[tahrir|manbasini tahrirlash]

Downham, Clare.Viking kings of Britain and Ireland: the dynasty of ́Ívarr to A.D. 1014.Dunedin Academic Press, 2007.ISBN978-1903765890.
Downham, Clare (2011). „Viking Ethnicities. A Historiographic Overview “,History Compass10.1 (2012), pp. 1–12.PDF Academic.edu Andoza:Registration
Hadley, Dawn.The Vikings in England: Settlement, Society and Culture.Manchester University Press, 2006.ISBN978-0719059827.
Heide, Eldar „Víking – 'rower shifting'? An etymological contribution “,.Arkiv för nordisk filologi.C.W.K. Gleerup, 2005 — 41–54 bet.
Heide, Eldar „Viking, week, and Widsith. A reply to Harald Bjorvand “,.Arkiv för nordisk filologi.C.W.K. Gleerup, 2008 — 23–28 bet.
Hodges, Richard.Goodbye to the Vikings: Re-Reading Early Medieval Archaeology.Gerald Duckworth & Company Limited, 2006.ISBN978-0715634295.
Svanberg, Fredrik.Decolonizing the Viking Age.Almqvist & Wiksell International, 2003.ISBN978-9122020066.
Wamers, Egon.Insularer Metallschmuck in wikingerzeitlichen Gräbern Nordeuropas. Untersuchungen zur skandinavischen Westexpansion.Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz, 1985.ISBN978-3529011566.
Wamers, Egon „Insular Finds in Viking Age Scandinavia and the State Formation of Norway “,.Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age.Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1998 — 37–72 bet.ISBN978-1851822355.
Wawn, M.A..The Vikings and the Victorians: Inventing the Old North in Nineteenth Century Britain.Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2000.ISBN978-0859916448.

Havolalar[tahrir|manbasini tahrirlash]

Ushbu maqolachaladir.Siz uniboyitib,Vikipediyagayordam berishingiz mumkin.
Bu andozanianiqrogʻigaalmashtirish kerak.

[1] Whitelock, Dorothy.Sweetʼs Anglo-Saxon Reader,OUP 1967, a. 392

[EB_Viking-2] „Viking “.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc..— „Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... “. 5-may 2019-yilda asl nusxadanarxivlangan.Qaraldi: 30-sentabr 2018-yil.

[EB_Denmark-3] Linton, Michael I. A.; Nokkentved, Christian„Denmark: The Viking Era “.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc..— „Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland “. 30-sentabr 2018-yilda asl nusxadanarxivlangan.Qaraldi: 30-sentabr 2018-yil.

[Roesdahl,_pp._9–22-4] Roesdahl, s. 9-22.

[1]

[2]

[3]

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