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Israel

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Israel

Centered blue star within a horizontal triband
Bandira
Centered menorah surrounded by two olive branches
Emblem
Awit:"Hatikvah"(" An Paglaum ")

Location of Israel (in green) on the globe.
1967 nga katubtoban (Lunghaw nga Linea)
1967 nga katubtoban (Lunghaw nga Linea)
Pamunuan
ngan gidako-i nga syudad
Jerusalem(limitado nga pagkilala)[fn 1]
31°47′N35°13′E/ 31.783°N 35.217°E/31.783; 35.217
Opisyal nga mga pinulungan Hebreo
Mga ginkilala nga mga pinulongan Inarabo[fn 2]
Ethniko nga mga grupo
(2019)
Relihiyon
(2019)
(Mga) Tawag hin tawo Israeli
Kagamhanan Unitaryo nga parlamentaryo nga republika
Reuven Rivlin(ראובן ריבלין)
Benjamin Netanyahu(בנימין נתניהו)
Yariv Levin(יָרִיב לֵוִין)
Esther Hayut(אֶסְתֵּר חַיּוּת)
Magbabalaod Knesset
Paglugaríng
14 Mayo 1948
11 Mayo 1949
Langyab
• Bug-os
20,770–22,072 km2(8,019–8,522 sq mi)[a](ika-150)
• Katubigan (%)
2.1
Kamolupyohan
• 2024 estimate
10,081,880[13][fn 3](ika-99)
• 2008 nga census
7,412,200[14][fn 3]
• Densidad
457/km2(1,183.6/sq mi) (ika-35)
GDP(PPP) 2019[17]nga banabana
• Bug-os
$353.645 ka bilyon[fn 3](ika-54)
• Per capita
$39,106[fn 3](ika-35)
GDP(nominal) 2019[17]nga banabana
• Bug-os
$390.656 billion[fn 3](ika-32)
• Per capita
$43,199[fn 3](ika-20)
Gini(2013) 42.8[fn 3][18]
medium·ika-48
HDI(2017) 0.903[fn 3][19]
hataas hin duro·ika-22
Salapi Shekel(‎) (ILS o NIS)
Zona hin oras UTC+2(IST)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+3(IDT)
Dapit hin pagmanehar tuo
Kodigo hin pagtawag 972
ISO 3166 nga kodigo IL
Internet TLD .il
  1. Diri naglalakip / Naglalakip hanKahigtas-an han GolannganSinirangan nga Jerusalem;seebelow.
  2. Nalalakip an ngatanan nga mga permanente nga nangungukoy ha Israel proper, ha Kahigtas-an han Golan ngan Sinirangan nga Jerusalem. Naglalakip gihapon han Israeli nga kamolupyohan haWest Bank.Diri lakip an diri-Israeli nga kamolupyohan haWest Bankngan haGaza Strip.

AnIsrael(Hinebreo:יִשְׂרָאֵל;Inarabo:إِسْرَائِيل‎), nga tinatawag gihapon ngaEstado han Israel(מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל > Medinat Yisra'el; دولة إسرائيل > Dawlat Isrā'īl) usá nga nasod haKatundan nga Asya,nahamutang hatimugan nga baybayonhanDagat Mediterraneongan han amihanan nga baybayon hanPula nga Dagat.Mayda ini mgakatubtubanupod haɲLibanoha amihan, hanSiryaha dumagsaan, hanHordanyaha sidlangan, ngan hanEhiptoha habagatan. An mgaPalestino nga mga teritoryohanWest BanknganGaza Stripnahamutang ha sinirangan ngan katundan.[20]

Mayda ebidensya an Israel hin sayo nga mga pagbalhin hin mga tawo tikang ha Aprika.[21]MgaCanaanhonnga mga tribo napamatuod ha arkeyolohiya tikang hanButnga nga Bronse nga Panahon,[22][23]samtang anmga Ginhadi-an han Israel ngan Judahginmawás dida hanPuthaw nga Panahon.[24][25]Ginbungkag hanImperyo Neo-AsiryahanonanIsraelhan mga 720 UC.[26]AnJudaginsakop ha urhe hanBabilonianhon,PersianonganHellenisticonga mga imperyo ngan dida komo mga autonomo nga mgaHudeyonga lalawigan.[27][28]An malinamposon ngaRebelyon nga Maccabeonagdangat hin naglulugaríng ngaHasmoneo nga ginhadi-anhan mga 110 UC,[29]nga han 63 UC nagin kliyente nga estado hanRepublika Romananga ha sunod nagbutáng hanDinastiya Herodeshan 37 UC, ngan han 6 AD naghimo hanRomano nga lalawigan han Judea.[30]Nagpadayon an Judea nga usá nga Romano nga lalawigan kutob han waray magmalinamposon ngaHudeyo nga mga rebelyonnga nagdangat hin dako nga pagkabungkag,[29]an pagpaiwas han Hudeyo nga kamolupyohan[29][31]ngan an pagbalhin han ngaran han rehiyon tikang hinIudaeangadto hinSyria Palaestina.[32]Anpagkaada hin mga Hudeyo han rehiyonnagpadayon hin mayda katubtuban ha mga gatostuig. Han ika-7 nga gatostuig ADnakuha an Levantetikang hanImperyo Bizantinohan mga Arabo ngan nagpabilin iníha Muslim nga pagdumarakutob hanSyahan nga Krusadahan 1099, nga ginsundan hanAyyubidnga pagsakop han 1187. AnMamluk nga Sultanato han Ehiptonag-unat han pagdumara hiní hanLevantehan ika-13 nga gatostuig kutob hanspagkalupig hiní han Imperyo Ottomanhan 1517. Dida han ika-19 nga gatostuig, in nasodnon nga pagmata ha mga Huydeo nagdangat han pagtukod hanZionistanga pangiwa hadiasporanga ginsundan hinmga sunodsunod nga pagmigrarngadto haOttoman nga Siryangan ha urhe haMandato Britaniko han Palestina.

Han 1947, anNasyones Unidas(NU) nagproponer hinPlano hin Pagbahin han Palestinanga nagrekomenda hin paghimo hin mga naglulugaríng nga Arabo ngan Hudeyo nga mga estado ngan hingin-internasyonalisar nga Jerusalem.[33]Ginkarawat an plano hanHudeyo nga Ahensya,ngan waray karawta han mga Arabo nga namumuno.[34][35][36]Han sunod nga tuig, an Hudeyo nga Ahensyanagdeklara an paglugarínghan Estado han Israel, ngan an sinmunod nga1948 Arabo–Israeli nga Geranagdangat han pag-estableser han Israel dida han kadam-an han kasanhi ngateritoryo han Mandato,samtang anWest BanknganGazanakuha hin mga hagrani nga mga Arabo nga estado.[37]Tikang hadto, an Israel nag-away hinpipira nga mga gerapatok hin mga Arabo nga nasod,[38]ngan tikang hanUnom-ka-Adlaw nga Gerahan Hunyo 1967 nagkapot hin mgagin-okuparnga mga teritoryo upod an West Bank,Kahigtaasan han Golanngan an Gaza Strip (nga ginkikita nga gin-okupar pa gihapon katapos han2005 nga pagbiya,bisan man diri ini ginkakauyonan hin mga legal nga experto).[39][40][41][fn 4]Gin-extender han Israel an mga balaod hiní ngadto han Kahigtaasan han Golan ngan haSinirangan nga Jerusalem,pero waray ha West Bank.[42][43][44][45]An pag-okupar han Israel han mga Palestino nga mga teritoryo amo angimaihai nga militar nga pag-okuparha yana nga mga panahon.[fn 4][47]Waray pa magresulta hin kataposan nga kasabotan hin kamurayaw inmga paningkamothin pagsolbad hanIsraeli–Palestino nga pagkadelito.Bisan pa man, mga kasabotan hin kamurayaw han Israel ngan hanEhiptonganJordanginpirmahan han hiní nga mga nasod.

Hamga Batakan Balaod,gindedeklara an Israel an iya kalugaringon nga usá ngaHudeyo ngan demokratiko nga estadongan annasod nga estado han Hudeyo nga katawhan.[48]An nasod maydaliberal nga demokrasya(usá hin duduhá là haButnga nga Sinirangan ngan Amihan nga Aprikanga rehiyon, an ikaduha amo anTunisia),[49][50]nga maydasistema parlamentarya,proporsyonal nga pagrepresenta,ngan hinunibersal nga suffrage.[51][52]Anprimer ministroamo it namumuno hankagamhananngan anKnésetamo anbalayan hin magbabalaod.Mayda iníkamolupyohanhin mga 9 ka milyon sumala han 2019,[53]An Israel usá ngadukwag nga nasodngan usá nga api hanOECD.[54]Iní an mayda hanika-31-nga-gidakoi nga ekonomiya ha nominal GDPhan kalibotan, ngan anpinakadukwagnga nasodnga yana mayda pagkadelito.[55]Iní an maydagihataasingastandard hin pakabuhiha Butnga nga Sinirangan,[19]ngan upod iní han mga igbaw nga nasod han kalibutan haporsentahe hin mga bungtohanon nga mayda militar nga training,[56]porsentahe hin mga bungtohanon nga nagpakatapos hin grado nga tertyaryo nga edukasyon,[57]paggasto ha research ngan development ha porsentahe hin GDP,[58]safety hin kababayen-an,[59]life expectancy,[60]innovativeness,[61]ngankalipayan.[62]


  1. Pagkilala hin iba nga mga api han UN nga mga estado:Australia(Katundan nga Jerusalem),[1]Rusya(Katundan nga Jerusalem),[2]anCzeka nga Republika(Katundan nga Jerusalem),[3]Honduras,[4]Guatemala,[5]Nauru,[6]ngan anEstados Unidos.[7]
  2. An Inarabo kasanhi ginkilala nga usá nga buhatonon o opisyal nga pinulongan han Estado han Israel.[8]Han 2018ginkilala ininga mayda 'ispisyal nga status han estado' upod han paggamit hiní han mga institusyon han estado nga igpapahayag ha balaod.[9][10][11]
  3. 3.03.13.23.33.43.53.63.7An data hin Israeli nga kamolupyohan ngan kanan ekonomiya naglalakip han teritoryo ekonomiko han Israel, upod an Kahigtaasan han Golan, Sinirangan nga Jerusalem ngan mga Israeli nga panimungto ha West Bank.[15][16]
  4. 4.04.1The majority of the international community (including the UN General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, the International Criminal Court, and the vast majority of human rights organizations) considers Israel to be occupying Gaza, theWest Bank and East Jerusalem.Gaza is still considered to be "occupied"by the United Nations, international human rights organisations, and the majority of governments and legal commentators, despite the 2005Israeli disengagement from Gaza,due to various forms of ongoing military and economic control.[46]
    The government of Israel and some supporters have, at times, disputed this position of the international community. For more details of this terminology dispute, including with respect to the current status of the Gaza Strip, seeInternational views on the Israeli-occupied territoriesandStatus of territories captured by Israel.
    For an explanation of the differences between an annexed but disputed territory (e.g.,Tibet) and a militarily occupied territory, please see the articleMilitary occupation.
  1. "Australia recognises West Jerusalem as Israeli capital".BBC. 15 Disyembre 2018.
  2. "Foreign Ministry statement regarding Palestinian-Israeli settlement".mid.ru.6 Abril 2017.
  3. "Czech Republic announces it recognizes West Jerusalem as Israel's capital".Jerusalem Post.6 Disyembre 2017.Ginkuhà6 Disyembre2017.The Czech Republic currently, before the peace between Israel and Palestine is signed, recognizes Jerusalem to be in fact the capital of Israel in the borders of the demarcation line from 1967. "The Ministry also said that it would only consider relocating its embassy based on" results of negotiations.
  4. "Honduras recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital".The Times of Israel.29 Agosto 2019.
  5. "Guatemala se suma a EEUU y también trasladará su embajada en Israel a Jerusalén"[Guatemala joins US, will also move embassy to Jerusalem].Infobae(ha Spanish). 24 Disyembre 2017.Am embahada han Guatemala nahamutang ha Jerusalem kutob han mga 1980 nga dekada, han pagbalhina hiní ngadto ha Tel Aviv.
  6. "Nauru recognizes J'lem as capital of Israel".Israel National News(ha English). 29 Agosto 2019.
  7. "Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's Capital and Orders U.S. Embassy to Move".The New York Times.6 Disyembre 2017.Ginkuhà6 Disyembre2017.
  8. "Arabic in Israel: an official language and a cultural bridge".Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.18 Disyembre 2016.Ginkuhà8 Agosto2018.
  9. "Israel Passes 'National Home' Law, Drawing Ire of Arabs".The New York Times(ha English). 19 Hulyo 2018.
  10. Lubell, Maayan (19 Hulyo 2018)."Israel adopts divisive Jewish nation-state law".Reuters.
  11. "Press Releases from the Knesset".Knesset website.19 Hulyo 2018.The Arabic language has a special status in the state; Regulating the use of Arabic in state institutions or by them will be set in law.
  12. 12.012.1Israel's Independence Day 2019(PDF)(Report). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 6 Mayo 2019.Ginkuhà7 Mayo2019.
  13. "Home page".Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.Ginkuhà20 Pebrero2017.
  14. Population Census 2008(PDF)(Report). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2008.Ginkuhà27 Disyembre2016.
  15. OECD 2011.
  16. Quarterly Economic and Social MonitorGinhipos9 Oktubre 2021 hanWayback Machine,Volume 26, October 2011, p. 57: "When Israel bid in March 2010 for membership in the 'Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development'... some members questioned the accuracy of Israeli statistics, as the Israeli figures (relating to gross domestic product, spending and number of the population) cover geographical areas that the Organization does not recognize as part of the Israeli territory. These areas include East Jerusalem, Israeli settlements in the West Bank and the Golan Heights."
  17. 17.017.1"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".International Monetary Fund. Abril 2018.Ginkuhà19 Abril2018.
  18. "Distribution of family income – Gini index".The World Factbook.Central Intelligence Agency. Ginhipos tikang hanorihinalhan 4 Hunyo 2011.Ginkuhà21 Agosto2017.
  19. 19.019.1"Human Development Index and its components".United Nations Development Programme. 2018.Ginkuhà24 Septyembre2018.
  20. "Palestinian Territories".State.gov. 22 Abril 2008.Ginkuhà26 Disyembre2012.
  21. Charles A. Repenning & Oldrich Fejfar,Evidence for earlier date of 'Ubeidiya, Israel, hominid siteNature 299, 344–347 (23 Septyembre 1982)
  22. Encyclopædia Britannicanga barasahon han Canaan
  23. Jonathan M Golden,Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction,OUP, 2009 pp. 3–4.
  24. Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001).The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories(1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster.ISBN 978-0-684-86912-4.
  25. The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734-733, are the earliest published to date."
  26. Broshi, Maguen (2001).Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls.Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 174.ISBN 978-1-84127-201-6.https://books.google /books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174.
  27. "British Museum – Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605–594 BCE)".Ginhipos tikang hanorihinalhan 30 Oktubre 2014.Ginkuhà30 Oktubre2014.
  28. Jon L. Berquist (2007).Approaching Yehud: New Approaches to the Study of the Persian Period.Society of Biblical Lit. pp. 195–.ISBN 978-1-58983-145-2.https://books.google /books?id=X8uK-dZr_BAC&pg=PAPA195.
  29. 29.029.129.2Peter Fibiger Bang; Walter Scheidel (2013).The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean.Oxford University Press. pp. 184–187.ISBN 978-0-19-518831-8.https://books.google /books?id=GCj09AmtvvwC&pg=PAPA184.
  30. Abraham Malamat (1976).A History of the Jewish People.Harvard University Press. pp. 223–239.ISBN 978-0-674-39731-6.https://books.google /books?id=2kSovzudhFUC&pg=PAPA223.
  31. Yohanan Aharoni (15 Septyembre 2006).The Jewish People: An Illustrated History.A&C Black. pp.99–.ISBN 978-0-8264-1886-9.https://archive.org/details/jewishpeopleillu00ahar_0/page/99.
  32. Erwin Fahlbusch; Geoffrey William Bromiley (2005).The Encyclopedia of Christianity.Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 15–.ISBN 978-0-8028-2416-5.https://books.google /books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PAPA15.
  33. Ipakita an sayop: Invalid<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named181(II)
  34. Ipakita an sayop: Invalid<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedFOOTNOTEMorris200866
  35. Ipakita an sayop: Invalid<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedFOOTNOTEMorris200875
  36. Ipakita an sayop: Invalid<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedFOOTNOTEMorris2008396
  37. "Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel".Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 14 Mayo 1948. Ginhipos tikang hanorihinalhan 17 Marso 2017.Ginkuhà21 Marso2017.
  38. Gilbert 2005,p. 1
  39. "Debate Map: Israel".
  40. "Israel, Occupied Territories".doi:10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1301(inactive 31 Disyembre 2019).Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  41. Cuyckens, Hanne (1 Oktubre 2016). "Is Israel Still an Occupying Power in Gaza?".Netherlands International Law Review.63(3): 275–295.doi:10.1007/s40802-016-0070-1.
  42. "The status of Jerusalem".The Question of Palestine & the United Nations.United Nations Department of Public Information.https:// un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ch12.pdf."East Jerusalem has been considered, by both the General Assembly and the Security Council, as part of the occupied Palestinian territory."
  43. "Analysis: Kadima's big plans".BBC News.29 Marso 2006.Ginkuhà10 Oktubre2010.
  44. Kessner, BC (2 Abril 2006)."Israel's Hard-Learned Lessons".Homeland Security Today.Ginkuhà26 Abril2012.
  45. Kumaraswamy, P.R. (5 Hunyo 2002)."The Legacy of Undefined Borders".Tel Aviv Notes.Ginkuhà25 Marso2013.
  46. Ipakita an sayop: Invalid<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedocc
  47. See for example:
    *Hajjar, Lisa (2005).Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza.University of California Press. p. 96.ISBN 978-0-520-24194-7.https://books.google /books?id=mcjoHq2wqdUC&pg=PAPA96."The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times."
    *Anderson, Perry(2001)."Editorial: Scurrying Towards Bethlehem".New Left Review.10 (July–August). Ginhipos tikang hanorihinalhan 1 Oktubre 2018.Ginkuhà11 Abril2020.longest official military occupation of modern history—currently entering its thirty-fifth year
    *Makdisi, Saree(2010).Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation.W.W. Norton & Company.ISBN 978-0-393-33844-7.https://books.google /books?id=2dBM3Ago2BAC&pg=PAPA299."longest-lasting military occupation of the modern age"
    *Kretzmer, David(Spring 2012)."The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel"(PDF).International Review of the Red Cross.94(885): 207–236.doi:10.1017/S1816383112000446.This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations, and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s
    *Alexandrowicz, Ra'anan (24 Enero 2012),"The Justice of Occupation",The New York Times,Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades
    *Weill, Sharon (2014).The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law.Oxford University Press. p. 22.ISBN 978-0-19-968542-4.https://books.google /books?id=bDnnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA22."Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation modem occupations have well demonstrated thatrien ne dure comme le provisoireA significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories,which is the longest in all occupation's historyhas already entered its fifth decade. "
    * Azarova, Valentina. 2017,Israel's Unlawfully Prolonged Occupation: Consequences under an Integrated Legal Framework,European Council on Foreign Affairs Policy Brief: "June 2017 marks 50 years of Israel's belligerent occupation of Palestinian territory, making it the longest occupation in modern history."
  48. "Israel".Freedom in the World.Freedom House. 2008. Ginhipos tikang hanorihinalhan 23 Hunyo 2012.Ginkuhà20 Marso2012.
  49. "Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll".BBC News.23 Nobyembre 2014.
  50. "Freedom in the World 2018".freedomhouse.org.13 Enero 2018.
  51. Rummel 1997,p. 11. "A current list of liberal democracies includes: Andorra, Argentina,..., Cyprus,..., Israel,..."
  52. "Global Survey 2006: Middle East Progress Amid Global Gains in Freedom".Freedom House. 19 Disyembre 2005. Ginhipos tikang hanorihinalhan 23 Hunyo 2012.Ginkuhà20 Marso2012.
  53. "Latest Population Statistics for Israel".jewishvirtuallibrary.org.Ginkuhà23 Marso2019.
  54. "Israel's accession to the OECD".Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.Ginkuhà12 Agosto2012.
  55. "Current conflicts".
  56. IISS 2018,pp. 339-340
  57. Education at a Glance: Israel(Report). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 15 Septyembre 2016.Ginkuhà18 Enero2017.
  58. "Research and development (R&D) - Gross domestic spending on R&D - OECD Data".data.oecd.org.Ginhipos tikang hanorihinalhan 2017-01-14.Ginkuhà10 Pebrero2016.
  59. Australia, Chris Pash, Business Insider."The 10 safest countries in the world for women".Business Insider.Ginkuhà23 Marso2019.
  60. "Health status - Life expectancy at birth - OECD Data".theOECD.
  61. "These Are the World's Most Innovative Countries".Bloomberg.Ginkuhà24 Enero2019.
  62. Report, World Happiness (14 Marso 2018)."World Happiness Report 2018".World Happiness Report(ha English).Ginkuhà26 Pebrero2019.

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