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Introducing the Apocrypha: Message, Context, and Significance
This comprehensive, up-to-date introduction to the Old Testament apocryphal books summarizes their context, message, and significance. The first edition has been very well reviewed and widely adopted. It is the most substantial introduction to the Apocrypha available and has become a standard authority on the topic. The second edition has been substantially revised and updated throughout to reflect the latest scholarship. The book includes a foreword by James H. Charlesworth.
528 pages, Paperback
Published February 20, 2018
About the author
David A. deSilva
84books54followersDavid A. deSilva (PhD, Emory University) is Trustees’ Distinguished Professor of New Testament and Greek at Ashland Theological Seminary in Ashland, Ohio. His numerous books includeIntroducing the ApocryphaandAn Introduction to the New Testament: Contexts, Methods, and Ministry Formation.
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July 11, 2018
Summary: An introduction to the books of the Apocrypha, covering matters of content, authorship, date, setting, textual transmission, and theological themes and influence in both second temple and post-second temple Judaism and early Christianity.
For many from Protestant denominations, the collection of books that fall under the title "Apocrypha" are considered ones that "didn't make the cut" and perhaps suspect. However, most of these books are part of the Bibles of two-thirds of all Christians in the world. In his Introduction to this work, David A. deSilva also makes the point that this collection is invaluable in understanding second temple Judaism that is the setting for the ministry of Jesus and Christian beginnings as well as the influence of these writings on the New Testament authors and what they wrote. He also introduces us to the fact that there are different collections (Septuagint, Vaticanus, and Alexandrinus) and the challenges of defining this collection.
This work is an introduction and, like introductions to Old and New Testaments, covers introductory matters like the message of the work, authorship (often difficult to pin down), date, and setting, as well as the textual transmission, and different extant textual traditions. In the cases of Daniel and Esther, he shows how the additions are woven into, and differ from the canonical text. It is helpful, therefore to read this work with a copy of the Apocrypha at hand, preferably the New Revised Standard Version with Apocrypha, which is the version used throughout.
The author explores the distinctive theological themes and influences of particular books. He considers an overall Deuteronomistic theme of the promise of covenant blessing for Israel when they obey, curse when they disobey, and restoration when they return, cry out, and obey Torah. The theme emerges in the prayers, narratives, and precepts found in this collection. In some texts, such as 1 Maccabees, Israel faces a crisis, and faithful Jews experience deliverance. In others, martyrs receive assurance, or potential martyrs are delivered while the apostate or Gentiles face punishment. One can see how these books encouraged post-exilic Jews, particularly under Greco-Roman rule, as well as subsequent generations of Christians.
David A. deSilva states that this is a complete revision involving every chapter, far more consultation with experts in the field, incorporation of the latest scholarship, and an expanded bibliography. His clear summaries of content, theology, influence, and technical introductory matters make this a valuable adjunct for sitting down to read this collection. For those like myself, who have managed to avoid a reading of books that have encouraged Jews and Christians through the ages, deSilva made the case to change that. He neither resolves the canonical issues, nor argues a change, but that we read these works for what we can learn both about Christian origins, and for the encouragement we might derive from them.
____________________________
Disclosure of Material Connection: I received a complimentary review copy of this book from the publisher in exchange for an honest review. The opinions I have expressed are my own.
For many from Protestant denominations, the collection of books that fall under the title "Apocrypha" are considered ones that "didn't make the cut" and perhaps suspect. However, most of these books are part of the Bibles of two-thirds of all Christians in the world. In his Introduction to this work, David A. deSilva also makes the point that this collection is invaluable in understanding second temple Judaism that is the setting for the ministry of Jesus and Christian beginnings as well as the influence of these writings on the New Testament authors and what they wrote. He also introduces us to the fact that there are different collections (Septuagint, Vaticanus, and Alexandrinus) and the challenges of defining this collection.
This work is an introduction and, like introductions to Old and New Testaments, covers introductory matters like the message of the work, authorship (often difficult to pin down), date, and setting, as well as the textual transmission, and different extant textual traditions. In the cases of Daniel and Esther, he shows how the additions are woven into, and differ from the canonical text. It is helpful, therefore to read this work with a copy of the Apocrypha at hand, preferably the New Revised Standard Version with Apocrypha, which is the version used throughout.
The author explores the distinctive theological themes and influences of particular books. He considers an overall Deuteronomistic theme of the promise of covenant blessing for Israel when they obey, curse when they disobey, and restoration when they return, cry out, and obey Torah. The theme emerges in the prayers, narratives, and precepts found in this collection. In some texts, such as 1 Maccabees, Israel faces a crisis, and faithful Jews experience deliverance. In others, martyrs receive assurance, or potential martyrs are delivered while the apostate or Gentiles face punishment. One can see how these books encouraged post-exilic Jews, particularly under Greco-Roman rule, as well as subsequent generations of Christians.
David A. deSilva states that this is a complete revision involving every chapter, far more consultation with experts in the field, incorporation of the latest scholarship, and an expanded bibliography. His clear summaries of content, theology, influence, and technical introductory matters make this a valuable adjunct for sitting down to read this collection. For those like myself, who have managed to avoid a reading of books that have encouraged Jews and Christians through the ages, deSilva made the case to change that. He neither resolves the canonical issues, nor argues a change, but that we read these works for what we can learn both about Christian origins, and for the encouragement we might derive from them.
____________________________
Disclosure of Material Connection: I received a complimentary review copy of this book from the publisher in exchange for an honest review. The opinions I have expressed are my own.
August 11, 2016
It took me awhile to finish this book, largely because it is a reference and resource book. If you have familiarity with the Apocrypha (here, and often distinguished as the Old Testament from the New Testament Apocrypha), you will enjoy reading Desilva, whether you read the book, as I did, from left to right, or as most, I imagine, on topic.
September 19, 2019
You can read my fuller review at Spoiled Milks (9/13/19).
If you’re a Protestant, and if the Apocrypha isn’t canon, why should you care about it at all?
DeSilva argues that the apocryphal books teach you about the faith of Jews who lived between 300 BC to 100 AD. Early church fathers such as Tertullian, Origen, Eusebius, Jerome, and Augustine read them and knew them. Even Jesus, Peter, Paul, James, and John (in Revelation) allude and paraphrase these writings.
DeSilva helps you to “comprehend the message, context, and significance of these ancient Jewish compositions” (xi). Rather than being heretical, they “bear witness to what it meant to remain faithful to the God of Israel during a tumultuous period of history” (2). In the midst of trouble and hostility, the Apocrypha tell of Jews who remained loyal to God. They ask the same questions that Christians ask today: how do we persevere in the midst of our secular culture while still using the good things created by that culture?
Interestingly, as deSilva notes, it was the early church that held on to these texts, preserving them “carefully and conscientiously,” not the Jewish communities (14). The church saw them as having value for the disciple, more so than the Pseudepigrapha, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and the works of Philo and Josephus. Even Luther translated and placed the Apocrypha in his German Bible, and it was in the first edition of the KJV.
But they do more than inform our minds about history. Christian biographies are full of people facing difficult trials, pressures from family, culture, missionary agencies, natives, and governments. Yet we are encouraged when we see how the missionary remains loyal to God, even if he or she is imprisoned, beat, or killed. The Apocryphal books can help us to keep our resolve in the midst of trials and receive encouragement to remain loyal to God.
In chapter two deSilva explains the historical context of the time between the testaments. These books were written out of trials, struggles, and a love for God. The following sixteen chapters give a nuanced understanding of each book of the Apocrypha.
Rather than learning about these books from some random website, consider reading about them from someone who has spent the time studying these texts, the situations that prompted them, how they influenced the NT writers, and how they can impact our lives today as Christians. DeSilva’s work is an excellent introduction to the Apocrypha. I highly recommend it.
If you’re a Protestant, and if the Apocrypha isn’t canon, why should you care about it at all?
DeSilva argues that the apocryphal books teach you about the faith of Jews who lived between 300 BC to 100 AD. Early church fathers such as Tertullian, Origen, Eusebius, Jerome, and Augustine read them and knew them. Even Jesus, Peter, Paul, James, and John (in Revelation) allude and paraphrase these writings.
DeSilva helps you to “comprehend the message, context, and significance of these ancient Jewish compositions” (xi). Rather than being heretical, they “bear witness to what it meant to remain faithful to the God of Israel during a tumultuous period of history” (2). In the midst of trouble and hostility, the Apocrypha tell of Jews who remained loyal to God. They ask the same questions that Christians ask today: how do we persevere in the midst of our secular culture while still using the good things created by that culture?
Interestingly, as deSilva notes, it was the early church that held on to these texts, preserving them “carefully and conscientiously,” not the Jewish communities (14). The church saw them as having value for the disciple, more so than the Pseudepigrapha, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and the works of Philo and Josephus. Even Luther translated and placed the Apocrypha in his German Bible, and it was in the first edition of the KJV.
But they do more than inform our minds about history. Christian biographies are full of people facing difficult trials, pressures from family, culture, missionary agencies, natives, and governments. Yet we are encouraged when we see how the missionary remains loyal to God, even if he or she is imprisoned, beat, or killed. The Apocryphal books can help us to keep our resolve in the midst of trials and receive encouragement to remain loyal to God.
In chapter two deSilva explains the historical context of the time between the testaments. These books were written out of trials, struggles, and a love for God. The following sixteen chapters give a nuanced understanding of each book of the Apocrypha.
Rather than learning about these books from some random website, consider reading about them from someone who has spent the time studying these texts, the situations that prompted them, how they influenced the NT writers, and how they can impact our lives today as Christians. DeSilva’s work is an excellent introduction to the Apocrypha. I highly recommend it.
July 2, 2021
Widely regarded as the best scholarly introduction to the Apocrypha (books excluded from the Protestant Old Testament canon but included in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Bibles), and I would agree. deSilva offers an incredible wealth of material on this important body of literature, providing a helpful orientation to the corpus as a whole and to each book. He draws on a lot of previous research and his conclusions are well-argued.
I think that deSilva's overall verdict on the value of the apocryphal material (as summarized in the introduction) is spot-on. As he writes, "One of the goals of this volume is to move readers past seeing the Apocrypha as one more thing that separates one group of Christians from another and toward seeing these books for what they are in and of themselves and to value them on that basis" (2). "The books of the Apocrypha close the gap between the books of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. They are invaluable as a means of approaching a closer understanding of the Judaism within which Jesus carried out his ministry and within which the early church grew..." (7).
I liked that deSilva summarizes the range of views for each apocryphal book's possible date of composition and situational context, and he admits where we can't be certain but also gives clear reasons for the best possible theories. Also helpful were his examinations of the theological emphases of each book (although in some cases these could have been much longer and I would have enjoyed reading it), as well as his discussions of how they were received in rabbinic Judaism and early Christianity. This was very useful material for me as I prepare to lead our church in a brief study of the Apocrypha and the development of the canon.
My only big critique is that even though this is just about the perfect textbook introduction to the Apocrypha, it is rather technical and a bit beyond what I would be comfortable recommending to most lay readers. It's obviously designed for use in the classroom, and to that end it's perfect. But I know a lot of fellow churchgoers who would like to learn more about these texts but wouldn't sit through 400 pages of semitechnical scholarly discussion.
For pastors, scholars, teachers, or interested folks like me who are comfortable with slightly more advanced material like this, I'd rate it 5 stars. Anybody else, your mileage may vary.
I think that deSilva's overall verdict on the value of the apocryphal material (as summarized in the introduction) is spot-on. As he writes, "One of the goals of this volume is to move readers past seeing the Apocrypha as one more thing that separates one group of Christians from another and toward seeing these books for what they are in and of themselves and to value them on that basis" (2). "The books of the Apocrypha close the gap between the books of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. They are invaluable as a means of approaching a closer understanding of the Judaism within which Jesus carried out his ministry and within which the early church grew..." (7).
I liked that deSilva summarizes the range of views for each apocryphal book's possible date of composition and situational context, and he admits where we can't be certain but also gives clear reasons for the best possible theories. Also helpful were his examinations of the theological emphases of each book (although in some cases these could have been much longer and I would have enjoyed reading it), as well as his discussions of how they were received in rabbinic Judaism and early Christianity. This was very useful material for me as I prepare to lead our church in a brief study of the Apocrypha and the development of the canon.
My only big critique is that even though this is just about the perfect textbook introduction to the Apocrypha, it is rather technical and a bit beyond what I would be comfortable recommending to most lay readers. It's obviously designed for use in the classroom, and to that end it's perfect. But I know a lot of fellow churchgoers who would like to learn more about these texts but wouldn't sit through 400 pages of semitechnical scholarly discussion.
For pastors, scholars, teachers, or interested folks like me who are comfortable with slightly more advanced material like this, I'd rate it 5 stars. Anybody else, your mileage may vary.
January 29, 2021
This is an excellent introduction to the Apocrypha/Deutero-canon. DeSilva argues what should be obvious to all (and really is obvious to everyone except Protestants) that, although these texts are not all authoritative in every Jewish/Christian tradition, they are extremely valuable for a number of liturgical/literary/historical/sociological reasons. I'd go so far as to suggest that these texts are vital for a fuller understanding of the New Testament, but they are also of course very valuable to read and study in their own right. DeSilva makes astute observations and sober decisions on the concepts to include in the exploration of each text, and his two introductory chapters clarify quite well (by way of apology) the reason that these texts matter.
There are of course areas where DeSilva makes decisions on analysis with which learned readers might quibble. To provide just one example: In his chapter on Tobit, DeSilva discusses the circumstance in Israel which led to greater tolerance towards male infidelity than towards female infidelity. He states that this had to do with a social reality in which women were "kept quiet and hidden." This is almost certainly not the case; female infidelity was less tolerated due to patrimony. The patriarchy is still the culprit, but not for something so vague as "keeping women hidden." Men needed to have an ordered household, and needed to be absolutely sure of which children were theirs, due to the passing on of inheritances. Male adultery and polygamy would still keep that picture clear as long as all of his women were faithful to him.
This is a small quibble, and there aren't many, but the fact that such quibbles exist is actually a strength of the book; although it's only an introduction, it's a very thorough one, and DeSilva does not shy away from making exegetical and historical decisions.
Overall, it's a well written and helpful book that will benefit any reader.
There are of course areas where DeSilva makes decisions on analysis with which learned readers might quibble. To provide just one example: In his chapter on Tobit, DeSilva discusses the circumstance in Israel which led to greater tolerance towards male infidelity than towards female infidelity. He states that this had to do with a social reality in which women were "kept quiet and hidden." This is almost certainly not the case; female infidelity was less tolerated due to patrimony. The patriarchy is still the culprit, but not for something so vague as "keeping women hidden." Men needed to have an ordered household, and needed to be absolutely sure of which children were theirs, due to the passing on of inheritances. Male adultery and polygamy would still keep that picture clear as long as all of his women were faithful to him.
This is a small quibble, and there aren't many, but the fact that such quibbles exist is actually a strength of the book; although it's only an introduction, it's a very thorough one, and DeSilva does not shy away from making exegetical and historical decisions.
Overall, it's a well written and helpful book that will benefit any reader.
October 8, 2019
By far the best intro to the Apocryphal books of the OT.
March 17, 2020
A really helpful introduction to the literature, and
although it seems like such a daunting task, deSilva is gifted in choosing which elements to focus on and provides a useful navigation through key scholarly views.
.
That being said, I don’t know if I’d recommend this to all. One main reason being that the sections on textual traditions and witnesses is probably not going to be helpful for most readers. However if you are initiated into the realm of textual criticism at any level, then enjoy the overviews provided.
.
deSilva’s work is always of a strong standard and here is no different. There obviously places that could use more depth - but the purpose and structure of this book is introductory.
For any students or initiated readers who are curious about the Apocrypha, this is an excellent resource.
although it seems like such a daunting task, deSilva is gifted in choosing which elements to focus on and provides a useful navigation through key scholarly views.
.
That being said, I don’t know if I’d recommend this to all. One main reason being that the sections on textual traditions and witnesses is probably not going to be helpful for most readers. However if you are initiated into the realm of textual criticism at any level, then enjoy the overviews provided.
.
deSilva’s work is always of a strong standard and here is no different. There obviously places that could use more depth - but the purpose and structure of this book is introductory.
For any students or initiated readers who are curious about the Apocrypha, this is an excellent resource.
July 27, 2020
This was an excellent, balanced introduction to the "apocryphal" / "deutero-canonical" books of the Old Testament. In the preface, page 40, the author states: "this book is written from the perspective of Jerome, Wyclif, Luther, and the sixth Article of Religion of the Anglican church: the conviction that the Apocrypha, while not of the status of sacred Scripture, have much to teach us about God, ethics, challenges to faithful living, and the developments in Jewish history, culture, and thought that provide the matrix for the early church....our purposes in studying them here: not to reconsider the question of canonicity, but to get deeper into the world of Judaism at the turn of the era and into the matrix of early Christianity."
November 4, 2020
DeSilva offers an immensely helpful introduction to each book in the Apocrypha. He briefly addresses issues of canonicity, but his main purpose is to outline each book and show how it reflects Second Temple Judaism and relates to the NT. A great place to start for understanding the very interesting texts of the Apocrypha.
August 5, 2023
It was clear that deSilva has certain apocryphal books that he is more familiar with or more interested in, but overall, this is a perfect introduction to anyone who needs a substantial introduction to the Apocrypha.
February 3, 2022
This was a valuable resource to learn the real value of the Reuters-canonical books, as well as some of what should truly be called apocryphal, even if it has a degree of value contained within it.
October 19, 2011
I am involved in adult education at an Orthodox parish. A couple years, after the The Orthodox Study Bible: Ancient Christianity Speaks to Today's World was published, members of the class asked me to teach on those extra OT books. I was raised Protestant, so while I knew the Bible well, I knew nothing of these books. My response, like a parent delaying a request they don't want to fulfill, was "We'll see".
Eventually I decided to take up the challenge, but outside of reading the books themselves, I found very little helpful material. Thankfully, a friend led me to this book.
I really can not praise it enough. Not only is it comprehensive in its treatment of the Apocrypha, the bibliography and source material listed can send you down deeper into scholarly inquiry if you wish.
The author himself does not consider the books canonical, but treats them kindly and encourages them to be read for spiritual benefit and for a better understanding of the New Testament world. My biggest surprise when encountering this book as well as the original texts was how much they reveal Christ and explain Paul.
Later, I compiled my own study notes and classroom responses and wrote a devotional overview of the Apocryphal books entitled The Rest of the Bible. I would never have been able to teach that class or write my book without deSilva's excellent work.
Thank you Dr. deSilva!
Eventually I decided to take up the challenge, but outside of reading the books themselves, I found very little helpful material. Thankfully, a friend led me to this book.
I really can not praise it enough. Not only is it comprehensive in its treatment of the Apocrypha, the bibliography and source material listed can send you down deeper into scholarly inquiry if you wish.
The author himself does not consider the books canonical, but treats them kindly and encourages them to be read for spiritual benefit and for a better understanding of the New Testament world. My biggest surprise when encountering this book as well as the original texts was how much they reveal Christ and explain Paul.
Later, I compiled my own study notes and classroom responses and wrote a devotional overview of the Apocryphal books entitled The Rest of the Bible. I would never have been able to teach that class or write my book without deSilva's excellent work.
Thank you Dr. deSilva!
March 30, 2015
A helpful, albeit dry, survey of the Apocrypha. Desilva describes each text's content, theology, contributions to Jewish and Christian thought, as well as more technical aspects such as textual transmission. This is a good book for anyone interesting in learning more about the history of the Apocrypha as well as the influence it had on both Palestinian and diaspora Jewish culture in the 1st century. The book ends abrubtly and would have benefited from a conclusion.
April 14, 2016
As a Protestant, it saddens me that my colleagues do not always take seriously the theological and historical weight for Second Temple Judaism that is found in the Apocrypha. I would refer any of them to deSilva's work for a better understanding of this corpus.
May 28, 2010
After years of looking, finally I found a comprehensive study of the Apocrypha, this is gonna be a feast of information & insight
April 15, 2014
Very well organized and easy to understand.
May 26, 2015
As a Protestant, I was curious about why my Catholic friends have extra books in their Bibles. This book does a fantastic job of answering that question.
February 23, 2018
I was raised Catholic, and then attended evangelical churches in my teens, and a semester of protestant bible college and am now mostly agnostic, so my relationship with the apocrypha is somewhat mixed. I know people who deny its value, others who think it is the inspired word of God, and others who think it has only historical merit. Any of those people might enjoy reading this guide, and learning a bit more about the lesser known books in some bibles. If you want an informal but respectful refresher on the subject, this book worked for me, and I never felt offended or bored.
May 23, 2018
This book is a hefty volume and detailed, but is also written in an accessible style. I found the introduction interesting. David deSilva has a sensitive respect for many of the views of the Apocrypha, while still being clear as to where he stands. Each section is organised clearly, working methodically through the contents, authorship, setting, genre and theological contributions. I found the information about New Testament allusions particularly interesting. This book inspired me to pick up texts from the Apocrypha for the first time, providing a rich background of information and inspiration. And who doesn’t fall in love with Tobit and his family on first meeting them! The book makes a great reference volume, to be dipped into as one explores the Apocrypha.
May 24, 2018
Roman Catholics and Protestants have slightly different Bibles. The difference lies in the additional books that the former have. Depending on how you classify or call them, they are considered "apocryphal" (hidden) texts by some, deuterocanonical (second canon) or "pseudepigrapha" (authors using pseudonyms) by others. They lie between normal texts and sacred texts. They are too good to be excluded but don't fit under the canonization criteria. Arguments can be made for both. Why then do we need to study them? This book gives us several reasons.
They are a primer for understanding what the Apocrypha is.
Gives us a fuller picture of Judaism from 200-100 BCE, to close the gap between the OT and NT.
NT authors are familiar with these texts and consider them highly.
Formative in the early years of Christian Theology, central to Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox Christians.
They help us appreciate the importance of the Dead Sea Scrolls as a key document.
It underscores the ancient obsession with theodicy, fairness, and retributive justice.
It gives readers a deeper understanding of the Jewish culture during the times of Jesus.
Addressing basic questions about those unfamiliar with the historical development of the additional books.
Learning to see these books as a value in themselves and not what others tell us.
The word 'hidden' is not to be interpreted in a pejorative manner, but to be seen as a vital witness of the faith by early believers.
Understanding why these books are not in the Biblical canon.
Address some of the fears among Protestants about studying (or not studying) them.
This second edition updates with ongoing research and new evidence that "nuanced or supplemented" the earlier work. There is also a larger bibliography organized by topic and text. The Apocrypha as used in this book are as follows:
1) Tobit: about Jewish piety, almsgiving and justice
2) Judith: story of a female military hero
3) Greek Esther: gives additional theological and religious contexts to the original Esther
4) Wisdom of Solomon: arguably the most important of all the books in terms of impact on Christian Theology
5) Wisdom of Ben Sira (or Ecclesiasticus): on the practice of the Torah in a Hellenistic age
6) Baruch: summary statements of Hebrew Scriptural traditions
7) Letter of Jeremiah: explains the folly of Gentile religion and idolatry
8) Additions to Daniel (includes Susanna, Bel and the Dragon, Prayer of Azariah, and Song the the Three): two court tales; supplements Daniel's first six chapters, etc
9) One Maccabees: how it shaped Israel nationalism
10) Two Maccabees: a prequel rather than sequel; introduces us to the Jewish martyrs
11) One Esdras: greater focus on the temple and forging of Jewish identity
12) Prayer of Manasseh: demonstrates the boundless forgiveness of God.
13) Psalm 151: reflection of God's choice of David over his other brothers
14) Three Maccabees: story of a trial of Jews in Alexandra under Gentile rule
15) Two Esdras: supplements Revelation to make sense of the destruction of Jerusalem
16) Four Maccabees: about nine Jewish martyrs around 167 BCE
deSilva gives a good overview about the Apocrypha, distinguishing the apocryphal books from pseudepigrapha; differences of the wisdom books from Proverbs. Greek additions to Esther and Daniel described some content not found elsewhere. Even the prayer of Manasseh is included. This may seem strange because Manasseh is considered one of the worst kings of Israel. deSilva asserts that this is to demonstrate the boundless forgiveness of God. The key thing is that what is not canonized is not necessarily unprofitable for learning about the Bible. In fact, these books of the Apocrypha makes us appreciate the present 66 books of the Bible even more. We learn about the history in between the two testaments. This so-called period of silent 400 years need not be too silent after all. The Apocrypha partially fills in some contexts and history. We learn about Persian domination and how the Jews remained faithful. We learn about the cultural influences of the Hellenistic era on Judaism. We read about the Maccabean revolt, the Roman rule and its impact on Jews, as well as the exiles.
The author applies a consistent framework to comment on each apocryphal book. There is a preface; a general structure; contents; original language; textual transmission; author, date, setting; genre and purpose; formative influences; a cultural, theological, and other unique influences. If there is any one book that needs to be required reading for students of the inter-testament period, this book would be one of them. Note that the number of books in the Apocrypha can be quite confusing. There is no fixed standard in the number of books. If we read the KJVA edition, the Apocrypha comprises 11 books [Tobit, Judith, Esther Additions, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, The Three Holy Children, Susanna, Bel and the Dragon, 1 and 2 Maccabees]. If we refer to the official Roman Catholic Bible, there are 7 booklets [Tobit, Judith, 1 and 2 Maccabees, Wisdom, Sirach, Baruch]. If one is confused, this is understandable. The non-canonized nature of the books have led to different names and various combinations of books under different titles. Perhaps, for our purpose, let's simply accept that there are different versions of classifications.
My Thoughts
===============
First, it is important for Protestants and evangelicals to at least know what the history and purpose of these books are. It is always wise to know what we are excluding. It helps us to understand the canonization process and the strict criteria to ensure the texts are preserved for future generations to come. My teachers in the past always told me that these books even though are not included in the Bible, they are good to know, not essential but helpful. They have never gone into the details. Neither did I ask. As a result, I become like many believers who take a generally dim view of the Apocrypha. Coupled with the differences Protestants have with the Roman Catholics, I too treat the Apocrypha with disdain or ignorance, with the latter more often the case. This book helps me understand why my teachers had said they were "good to know." Indeed, they partly fill in the inter-testament gaps. They help us appreciate the struggles of the Jewish believers. By knowing the history and the purpose of these books, we are better able to receive with openness the Apocrypha without the need to compromise our Protestant beliefs.
Second, it equips us to guide others toward a better appreciation of the texts. The biggest problem among protestant and evangelical circles is the lack of understanding about the place of Apocrypha. Unfortunately, the word apocrypha when translated as "hidden" can be disconcerting. Are the apocryphal something mysterious and not meant for us to read? Why are they hidden? This is the tricky part. While we don't discourage people from reading the apocrypha, our lack of teaching and understanding can become a barrier to anyone wanting to read them in the first place. A fresh understanding of what the books of the apocrypha are would help nudge Christians toward becoming more open to reading and appreciating the helpful contexts the apocryphal books supply. We can say that the apocrypha helps us appreciate the present Bible we have even more, especially the parts about the struggles of the Jewish diaspora. In our modern world, we are increasingly under pressure from secular and atheists, leading to an increasing marginalization of religious beliefs. The apocryphal texts tell us that we are not alone. With understanding, we know more about the reasons why the apocrypha are treated the way they were and how we can read them.
Third, on a practical front, we can treat them like how we treat our general commentaries. The Roman Catholics may consider them as canonical. Protestants do not have to do the same. We can still respectfully use them the way we use our modern commentaries, which is to shed light on the canonized texts. The "Additions to Daniel" give us greater insight into the book of Daniel. The books of the Maccabees detail the Jewish revolts and martyrs of the faith. They also come forth as penitential prayer, just like Prayer of Manasseh, which reveals to us God's great heart of forgiveness. Students of the Bible would love to hear what other books say about the Bible. If so, the Apocrypha is one such avenue. Let this book guide us in understanding and appreciating the Apocrypha for what they are. If we want to ignore them, at least understand the reasons why we ignore them in the first place. This book brings clarity we all need.
Rating: 4.25 stars of 5.
conrade
This book has been provided courtesy of Baker Academic and NetGalley without requiring a positive review. All opinions offered above are mine unless otherwise stated or implied.
They are a primer for understanding what the Apocrypha is.
Gives us a fuller picture of Judaism from 200-100 BCE, to close the gap between the OT and NT.
NT authors are familiar with these texts and consider them highly.
Formative in the early years of Christian Theology, central to Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox Christians.
They help us appreciate the importance of the Dead Sea Scrolls as a key document.
It underscores the ancient obsession with theodicy, fairness, and retributive justice.
It gives readers a deeper understanding of the Jewish culture during the times of Jesus.
Addressing basic questions about those unfamiliar with the historical development of the additional books.
Learning to see these books as a value in themselves and not what others tell us.
The word 'hidden' is not to be interpreted in a pejorative manner, but to be seen as a vital witness of the faith by early believers.
Understanding why these books are not in the Biblical canon.
Address some of the fears among Protestants about studying (or not studying) them.
This second edition updates with ongoing research and new evidence that "nuanced or supplemented" the earlier work. There is also a larger bibliography organized by topic and text. The Apocrypha as used in this book are as follows:
1) Tobit: about Jewish piety, almsgiving and justice
2) Judith: story of a female military hero
3) Greek Esther: gives additional theological and religious contexts to the original Esther
4) Wisdom of Solomon: arguably the most important of all the books in terms of impact on Christian Theology
5) Wisdom of Ben Sira (or Ecclesiasticus): on the practice of the Torah in a Hellenistic age
6) Baruch: summary statements of Hebrew Scriptural traditions
7) Letter of Jeremiah: explains the folly of Gentile religion and idolatry
8) Additions to Daniel (includes Susanna, Bel and the Dragon, Prayer of Azariah, and Song the the Three): two court tales; supplements Daniel's first six chapters, etc
9) One Maccabees: how it shaped Israel nationalism
10) Two Maccabees: a prequel rather than sequel; introduces us to the Jewish martyrs
11) One Esdras: greater focus on the temple and forging of Jewish identity
12) Prayer of Manasseh: demonstrates the boundless forgiveness of God.
13) Psalm 151: reflection of God's choice of David over his other brothers
14) Three Maccabees: story of a trial of Jews in Alexandra under Gentile rule
15) Two Esdras: supplements Revelation to make sense of the destruction of Jerusalem
16) Four Maccabees: about nine Jewish martyrs around 167 BCE
deSilva gives a good overview about the Apocrypha, distinguishing the apocryphal books from pseudepigrapha; differences of the wisdom books from Proverbs. Greek additions to Esther and Daniel described some content not found elsewhere. Even the prayer of Manasseh is included. This may seem strange because Manasseh is considered one of the worst kings of Israel. deSilva asserts that this is to demonstrate the boundless forgiveness of God. The key thing is that what is not canonized is not necessarily unprofitable for learning about the Bible. In fact, these books of the Apocrypha makes us appreciate the present 66 books of the Bible even more. We learn about the history in between the two testaments. This so-called period of silent 400 years need not be too silent after all. The Apocrypha partially fills in some contexts and history. We learn about Persian domination and how the Jews remained faithful. We learn about the cultural influences of the Hellenistic era on Judaism. We read about the Maccabean revolt, the Roman rule and its impact on Jews, as well as the exiles.
The author applies a consistent framework to comment on each apocryphal book. There is a preface; a general structure; contents; original language; textual transmission; author, date, setting; genre and purpose; formative influences; a cultural, theological, and other unique influences. If there is any one book that needs to be required reading for students of the inter-testament period, this book would be one of them. Note that the number of books in the Apocrypha can be quite confusing. There is no fixed standard in the number of books. If we read the KJVA edition, the Apocrypha comprises 11 books [Tobit, Judith, Esther Additions, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, The Three Holy Children, Susanna, Bel and the Dragon, 1 and 2 Maccabees]. If we refer to the official Roman Catholic Bible, there are 7 booklets [Tobit, Judith, 1 and 2 Maccabees, Wisdom, Sirach, Baruch]. If one is confused, this is understandable. The non-canonized nature of the books have led to different names and various combinations of books under different titles. Perhaps, for our purpose, let's simply accept that there are different versions of classifications.
My Thoughts
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First, it is important for Protestants and evangelicals to at least know what the history and purpose of these books are. It is always wise to know what we are excluding. It helps us to understand the canonization process and the strict criteria to ensure the texts are preserved for future generations to come. My teachers in the past always told me that these books even though are not included in the Bible, they are good to know, not essential but helpful. They have never gone into the details. Neither did I ask. As a result, I become like many believers who take a generally dim view of the Apocrypha. Coupled with the differences Protestants have with the Roman Catholics, I too treat the Apocrypha with disdain or ignorance, with the latter more often the case. This book helps me understand why my teachers had said they were "good to know." Indeed, they partly fill in the inter-testament gaps. They help us appreciate the struggles of the Jewish believers. By knowing the history and the purpose of these books, we are better able to receive with openness the Apocrypha without the need to compromise our Protestant beliefs.
Second, it equips us to guide others toward a better appreciation of the texts. The biggest problem among protestant and evangelical circles is the lack of understanding about the place of Apocrypha. Unfortunately, the word apocrypha when translated as "hidden" can be disconcerting. Are the apocryphal something mysterious and not meant for us to read? Why are they hidden? This is the tricky part. While we don't discourage people from reading the apocrypha, our lack of teaching and understanding can become a barrier to anyone wanting to read them in the first place. A fresh understanding of what the books of the apocrypha are would help nudge Christians toward becoming more open to reading and appreciating the helpful contexts the apocryphal books supply. We can say that the apocrypha helps us appreciate the present Bible we have even more, especially the parts about the struggles of the Jewish diaspora. In our modern world, we are increasingly under pressure from secular and atheists, leading to an increasing marginalization of religious beliefs. The apocryphal texts tell us that we are not alone. With understanding, we know more about the reasons why the apocrypha are treated the way they were and how we can read them.
Third, on a practical front, we can treat them like how we treat our general commentaries. The Roman Catholics may consider them as canonical. Protestants do not have to do the same. We can still respectfully use them the way we use our modern commentaries, which is to shed light on the canonized texts. The "Additions to Daniel" give us greater insight into the book of Daniel. The books of the Maccabees detail the Jewish revolts and martyrs of the faith. They also come forth as penitential prayer, just like Prayer of Manasseh, which reveals to us God's great heart of forgiveness. Students of the Bible would love to hear what other books say about the Bible. If so, the Apocrypha is one such avenue. Let this book guide us in understanding and appreciating the Apocrypha for what they are. If we want to ignore them, at least understand the reasons why we ignore them in the first place. This book brings clarity we all need.
Rating: 4.25 stars of 5.
conrade
This book has been provided courtesy of Baker Academic and NetGalley without requiring a positive review. All opinions offered above are mine unless otherwise stated or implied.
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