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[00:24.35]in questions 1-5with the information you've heard.
[00:29.23]You will hearrecording¹twice.
[00:32.73]You now have twenty-five seconds to read the questions.
[00:37.64]Passage 1
[00:39.52]Good afternoon! My name is Mary Brown.
[00:43.60]For the next 11 weeks,I will be your labinstructor².
[00:48.09]The lab experiments you will be having
[00:51.17]are designed to complete your work
[00:53.97]in Dr.Kaplan'sinorganic³chemistry course.
[00:58.36]Today's experiment is purposely a short one.
[01:03.16]It'll help you become familiar with the lab setup and equipment.
[01:07.87]As your lab instructor,
[01:10.27]it is my duty to assist you in setting up your experiments
[01:15.26]and understanding your results.
[01:18.16]I will also grade your lab notebooks.
[01:21.35]But I have an even more basic responsibility your physical safety.
[01:26.62]I will insist on proper precautions,
[01:30.10]such as wearing protectivegoggles⁴at all times.
[01:34.28]I also expect you to use common sense.
[01:38.09]Don't wear long scarves that might catch fire.
[01:41.28]Don't smoke.
[01:43.58]Don't taste unknown substances.
[01:46.29]Let me reinforce this point with a story.
[01:49.37]Issac Newton,perhaps the greatest scientist of all ages,
[01:53.97]lived in a period when thetoxic⁵effects of chemicals
[01:58.15]were less understood than today.
[02:00.84]He routinelysniffed⁶fumes,tasted the chemicals,
[02:06.12]and used open containers for heating substances.
[02:10.12]In the early 1690's
[02:12.81]he suffered through a period ofinsomnia,
[02:15.92]depression,and mental instability.
[02:19.49]Noted biographers linked the situation to problems in his personal life.
[02:25.08]Researchers now think it was a consequence of his lab procedures.
[02:29.89]They found abnormally high concentrations of lead,mercury,
[02:34.78]and other heavy metals in preservedspecimens⁷of his hair.
[02:39.19]Consequently,we must learn from the past and put safety first.
[03:15.08]Passage 2
[03:16.99]I want to thank Professor James
[03:20.18]for letting me have a few minutes of class time
[03:23.57]to tell you about our field trip tomorrow.
[03:26.45]We will be leaving by bus at 8 in the morning
[03:30.42]and returning at about 5.
[03:32.90]Please bring your lunch.
[03:35.01]As you know,
[03:36.61]this trip is a requirement of the course.
[03:39.69]You are all expected to participate,
[03:42.59]and then to write up a report in your lab notebooks.
[03:46.17]I've put together a handbook to orient you.
[03:49.15]Please pick it up after class and read it tonight.
[03:52.86]In it,
[03:54.24]I discuss the members of the pine family found here in the northeast.
[03:58.63]As you have learned,
[04:00.43]the pine family is composed of pines,
[04:03.51]larches,spruces, hemlocks,douglas firs,and true firs.
[04:08.79]With the exception of douglas firs,
[04:11.48]which grow only in the western part of the country,
[04:14.67]we'll be looking at examples of them all.
[04:17.46]Thesketches⁸in thehandout⁹
[04:19.84]should help you distinguish the various types of trees.
[04:23.24]As your leader tomorrow,
[04:25.43]I'II try to make the experience a rewarding one.
[04:28.72]A field trip is a little like a bank
[04:31.52]what you get out of it depends on what you put into it.
[04:47.11]Passage 3
[04:48.89]The main types of agricultural activities in Australia
[04:53.07]are wheat growing and cattle and sheep rearing.
[04:56.67]This is concentrated mostly in thecoastal¹⁰areas,
[05:00.56]where land is not so dry.
[05:02.97]As a result of the cattle and sheep farms,
[05:06.47]cottage industries have arisen,
[05:09.08]and they deal with cow hides,sheep skins and so on.
[05:12.87]The cottage industry
[05:15.17]is becoming of major importance to Australia
[05:18.56]as it is going to develop its tourist industry.
[05:21.85]An increasing important resource in Australia is the beaches.
[05:26.35]These are being developed for recreational purposes,
[05:29.95]exploiting the surf, sand,abundantmarine¹¹life
[05:34.24]and favorable temperature of conditions of the area.
[05:37.82]This area is called Australia's "Gold Coast".
[05:41.42]Australia's government is also making full use of its interior,
[05:45.81]and one of Australia's fastest growing towns is Alice Springs,
[05:50.09]the home of the fascinating rock formations,
[05:53.49]particularly Ayers Rock.
[05:55.89]Although agriculture is so rich in Australia,
[05:59.39]thirty percent of the population lives in the urban areas.
[06:03.78]The main commercial areas of Australia are its major cities,
[06:08.07]which aresituated¹²along the coasts;
[06:11.07]Perth,Darwin, Brisbane,Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide.
[06:15.98]These cities are more service-oriented
[06:19.66]and provide the populace with a high standard of facilities andinfrastructure¹³
[07:00.36]Passage 4
[07:02.24]The United Nations General Assembly adopted a formal decision
[07:08.64]in November 1995,
[07:11.65]aiming to promote greater equality
[07:15.25]among the six official UN languages
[07:19.14]and to halt the growing dominance of English
[07:22.75]at the world 's headquarters.
[07:25.34]In addition to English,
[07:28.42]the official languages of the 185-nation Assembly
[07:33.41]and the 15-member Security Council are Arabic,Chinese,
[07:39.10]French, Russian and Spanish.
[07:42.89]The working languages of the UN secretariat
[07:46.78]are English and French.
[07:49.47]The decision's 75sponsors,led by France,
[07:55.27]are upset that documents are ofteninitially¹⁴available
[07:59.66]only in English
[08:02.17]anddiplomats¹⁵have tonegotiate on texts
[08:05.96]before they areavailable in theirpreferred language
[08:09.74]or with aninterpreter.
[08:12.33]The decision asksSecretary GeneralGhali to ensurethat the UNdecisions
[08:19.62]on the useof various languagesarestrictly¹⁶carriedout
[08:23.82]and to ensurethat use of anotherof the six officiallanguages
[08:30.12]areencouraged and aken intoaccount,
[08:33.62]especiallywhen staff areconsidered.
[09:06.12]Passage 5
[09:08.02]John Maynard Keynes was the mostinfluential¹⁷Britisheconomist¹⁸of the twenties century
[09:13.82]He was born in Cambridge, England in 1883.
[09:18.11]Keynes won a scholarship to Eton.
[09:20.98]He entered King's College,Cambridge,
[09:23.88]also on a scholarship,
[09:25.97]and took his degree in mathematics in 1905.
[09:29.86]After obtaining his degree,
[09:32.58]he studied economics for a year
[09:35.16]with the help of Alfred Marshall and A.C.Pigou.
[09:39.16]At the request of Alfred Marshall,
[09:41.96]he began to teach economics at Cambridge.
[09:45.04]Keynes served as an economicadviser¹⁹
[09:49.24]to the BritishTreasury²⁰during the FirstWorld War.
[09:52.43]Then in the early 1920s,
[09:55.30]Keynes acted as aconsultant²¹to investment firms.
[09:59.59]He also founded three investment trusts.
[10:02.70]His major economic works areTreatise²²on Money(1930)
[10:08.08]and The General Theory of Employment Interest md Money (1936).
[10:13.46]In March 1946,
[10:16.36]he went to the U.S.
[10:18.48]to attend a conference at Savannah Ga.
[10:22.47]After the conference,
[10:24.56]he had a very severe heart attack on the train.
[10:27.85]He died at his home on April 21,1946.
[10:50.45]Passage 6
[10:52.33]British universities can be divided roughly into three main groups.
[10:57.42]The old universities:
[11:00.01]these are the universities founding before the year 1600.
[11:05.70]Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest of the British universities,
[11:10.38]dating from 1249 and 1284.
[11:15.40]Since that time they have continued to grow.
[11:18.58]the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries,
[11:22.68]four universities were founded inScotland:
[11:26.50]St.Andrews(1411),
[11:29.89]Glasgo(1450),
[11:32.98]Aberdeen(1494),
[11:35.95]and Edinburgh(1583).
[11:39.74]The Redbrick universities:
[11:42.75]these include all theprovincial²³universities of theperiod 1850-1930,
[11:50.14]as well as London University.
[11:52.83]The term "redbrick" is not used much today,
[11:56.75]but is useful for defining this group of universities,
[12:00.85]which were all built in the favorite building material of the period:redbrick.
[12:06.83]The new universities:
[12:09.03]these are the universities founded since the Second World War.
[12:13.20]Each has its own independent approach to teaching
[12:17.91]and many students are now choosing the new universities
[12:22.40]because of their more "modem" approach,
[12:25.48]in preference to Oxford,Cambridge or the Redbrick universities.
[12:30.39]Altogether,
[12:33.19]there are now forty-four universities in the United Kingdom:
[12:37.79]thirty-three in England,eight in Scotland,
[12:42.28]two in Northern Ireland and one,
[12:44.89]federation of seven colleges,in Wales.
[13:21.78]Passage 7
[13:23.66]Some cities grow very large because of two important reasons.
[13:28.25]Firstly,there may be important natural resources like wood,
[13:32.75]gas,oil,rivers or harbors near or in the city.
[13:37.35]Natural resources like wood or oil can be brought to the city
[13:42.83]and made into products to sell.
[13:45.55]Other resources, like rivers or harbors
[13:48.94]help to send the city's products to other places to be sold.
[13:53.04]Second,the city may be located in a place
[13:57.33]where roads and rivers come together.
[14:00.12]This makes these cities good places to buy and sell goods.
[14:04.12]Houston is a big ncity that grew large because it has two important natural resources
[14:10.10]They are oil and a good harbor.
[14:12.98]The oil can be brought to Houston,
[14:15.46]made into different products,
[14:18.15]and shipped out of the harbor to other parts of the world.
[14:21.73]Chicago is a city that grew very large
[14:25.04]because of its location at a place where roads, railways,andairways²⁴meet.
[14:30.32]In Chicago,goods can be brought together
[14:33.90]from all over the country and bought and sold.
[14:37.37]Then the goods can be loaded into trucks, trains or planes
[14:41.37]and sent to wherever they are needed.
[14:44.06]Because of Chicago's location,many people live and work there.
[15:08.96]Passage 8
[15:10.76]The 1992 Summer Olympics will be here sooner than you might realize
[15:16.24]and already work has begun in Barcelona,
[15:19.93]Spain,to prepare the Olympic facilities.
[15:24.03]It maybe still be a little early to talk about
[15:27.74]who will and who will not do well
[15:31.24]But I think it is safe to say
[15:34.74]that once again the best teams will come fromRussia,
[15:38.74]Germany, China and the United States.
[15:42.63]To my way of thinking,however,
[15:46.44]winning is not the most aspect of the Olympics.
[15:50.44]The Olympics should not be a contest to see which country has the best athletes.
[15:57.62]After all,
[15:59.29]the true spirit of the Olympics is the spirit ofbrotherhood²⁵,
[16:04.18]not the spirit of nationalism.
[16:06.97]There is no need for politics.
[16:09.98]In my opinion,
[16:11.89]there should only be one flag at the Olympics the Olympics Flag.
[16:17.08]And there is no need to play the nationalanthem²⁶of the country
[16:22.18]whose representative has won a particular event.
[16:26.59]Another suggestion I want to make is that the distinction between amateur
[16:32.18]and professional be eliminated from the Olympics games.
[16:36.39]Everyone knows that some countries,
[16:40.28]notably Germany and Russia, pay their athletes,
[16:44.09]but,rather than arguing about who is and who isn't an amateur,
[16:49.97]why not allow all athletes to enter.
[16:53.86]Winning is still an important consideration,
[16:57.55]but perhaps someday the biggest winner at the Olympics
[17:01.73]will be the competitor who has not the medals but the most friends.
[17:07.24]Passage 9
[17:09.12]The Amazon has been called the greatest river in the world.
[17:14.00]Only the Nile River in Egypt maybe longer,
[17:17.30]but no one is sure,
[17:19.28]because the Amazon has yetfully²⁷to be explored.
[17:22.99]We do know that it begins in the Andes Mountains of Peru
[17:27.17]and flows almost 6,400 km across Brazil,
[17:32.26]down to the Atlantic Ocean.
[17:34.75]The Amazon River itself may be large,
[17:37.96]but it also has over 1,000tributary²⁸rivers and smaller streams.
[17:43.44]Seventeen of thetributaries²⁹are over 1,600 km long,
[17:49.22]and this is longer than many of the greatest rivers in the world,
[17:53.61]including Europe's Rhine river.
[17:56.19]So complex is the river
[17:58.67]that many European maps still refer to it as the Amazons.
[18:03.38]A Spanish soldier,
[18:06.38]Francisco de Orellana, was the first European to explore the Amazon,
[18:11.08]between 1541 and 1542.
[18:15.08]Since then,there have been many attempts to explore the river.
[18:19.68]Many books have been written about the Amazon.
[18:22.79]A former U.S.President,
[18:25.27]Theodore Roosevelt,
[18:27.36]helped lead an expedition to explore the river between 1913 and 1914.
[18:33.44]That expedition gathered information and collected history specimens.
[18:38.72]One thing seems certain.
[18:41.83]No matter how many explorations of the Amazon there are,
[18:45.83]it will be a long time
[18:48.02]before the "greatest river in the world" reveals its secrets.
[19:33.32]Passage 10
[19:36.61]Sigmunt Freud developed his system of psychoanalysis
[19:37.63]while he was studying cases of mental illness.
[19:41.41]By examining details of the patient's life,
[19:45.02]he found that the illness could often be traced back
[19:49.22]to some definite problem or conflict
[19:52.83]within the person concerned.
[19:55.62]In 1914 he published a look named the Psychopathology of Everyday Life.
[20:02.31]This book goes a long way towards explaining some of the strange behavior of normal
[20:08.19]sane people.
[20:10.10]A glance at Freud's chapter
[20:13.28]heading will indicate some of the aspects of behavior
[20:17.57]covered by the book:
[20:19.66]Forgetting of proper names
[20:23.13]Forgetting of foreign words
[20:26.42]Childhood and concerning memories
[20:29.51]Mistakes in the reading and writing
[20:33.29]Broadly,Freud demonstrates
[20:37.68]that there are good reasons for many of the slips and errors that we make.
[20:42.85]We forget a name because,unconsciously,
[20:46.75]we do not wish to remember that name.
[20:50.25]We express a childhood memory
[20:53.15]because that memory is painful to us.
[20:56.54]A slip of the tongue
[20:59.23]or of the pen betrays a wish of which we are ashamed
[21:03.80]In these days when everyday would be doctor or writer
[21:09.29]has access to Freud's accounts of his research,
[21:13.39]it is worth pausing and remembering theremarkable³⁰scope
[21:18.69]andoriginality³¹of his ideas.