I-logic

Igama elithilogiclivela kwigama lesiGreek elithi logos. I-logos yona ingathethaisivakalisi,i-discourse,i-reason,i-rule,i-ratio.Ewe kona ezi ntsingiselo azinakunceda ngokwaneleyo ukunika intsingiselo eyiyo yegama elithi 'logic' ngale ndlela lisetyenziswa ngayo kungoku nje.

Ungayichaza uthi yintoni kanye kanye i-logic? Ngokufutshane singathi i-logic sisifundongeeprinciplesze-reasoningefanelekileyo okanye eyiyo, nekuthiwa ngokwakwascienceyi-correct reasoning.Le nkcazo yeyexeshana nje kuba indlela ekuchazwa ngayo intsingiselo ye-logic ngumcimb'onzima otshis'ibunzi nodala ingxwaba-ngxwaba. kodwa ke, ngenxa yokokuba kufuneka sikwazisile mfundi ngesi sifundo se-logic, sicinga okokuba kubalulekile okokuba sikunike ufifi ngesi sifundo ozakube usifunda. yiloo nto kuphela esizakube siyenza kweli phepha okwangoku. Nje ngoko sele siwuchazile umahluko phakathi kwe-logic reasoningne-psychology of reasoningphantsi kwesihloko esithi 'ii-principles,ngoku sizakuthetha kuvokotheke ngayo nge-logic neeprinciples zayo.

Ii-principles ze-logic

Khawutsho ke, zeziphi ezi principles zereasoning ezenza i-logic? zininzi ii-principles ezi lolu hlobo, kodwa ke eyona nto esiyifundayo (kungeyiyo yodwa) kwi-logiczii-principlesezilawula nezingumkhomba-ndlela obonisai-validityyeengxoxo (okanyeyee-argumentsukuze sikwazi ukubona okokuba ingaba izigqibo ezithile ekuthi kufikelelwe kuzo ziziziphumo zoko bekukukhe kwabekwa ngaphambili njengento enokwenzeka. Umzekelo, khawuqwalasele ezi ngxoxo zintathu zilandelayo:

Ukuba uZola uhlala ezilalini,ke uZola ulihlwempu.
UZola uhlala ezilalini.
Ngoko ke, uZola lihlwempu.

Ukuba u-K>10, ke u-K>2.
u-K>10.
Ngoko ke, u-K>2.

Ukubai-JohannesburgiseRhawutini, ke i-Johannesburg ayikho se-Eastern Cape.
I-Johannesburg ise-Rhawutini.
Ngoko ke, i-Johannesburg ayikho se-Eastern Cape.

Ezi ngxoxo zintathu sizibonayo apha ngokuqinisekileyo ziingxoxo ezilungileyo kuba kaloku izigqibo ekufikelelwa kuzo ngazo zisekelezelwe zikwalandelaii-assumptions(oko sele kutshiwo ngaphambili). Ukuba ngabaezi-assumptionsze-argumentngenene zinyanisekile okanyezi-true,nesigqibo se-argument ekufikelelwa kusosi-true.I-logician izakukuxelela okokuba zonke ziyimibandela yaloo argument ekuthiwa yi-modus ponens.