Phóng ra tràng
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 Hàng thiên chủ đề |
 | Này điều mụcNhưng tham chiếuTiếng Anh duy cơ bách khoaTương ứng điều mục tới mở rộng.(2019 năm 9 nguyệt 12 ngày) |
Phóng ra tràng( tiếng Anh:launch site), lại xưngVũ trụ cảng( tiếng Anh:spaceport) chờ, là phóng ra hoặc tiếp thu hàng thiên khí nơi, cùng loại với thuyền hải cảng hoặc phi cơ sân bay. Vũ trụ cảng một từ truyền thống thượng bị dùng để chỉ có thể đem hàng thiên khí phóng ra đến địa cầu quỹ đạo hoặc hành tinh tế quỹ đạo thượng nơi. Nhưng mà, thuần túy dùng cho á quỹ đạo phi hành hỏa tiễn phóng ra tràng có khi được xưng là vũ trụ cảng, bởi vì năm gần đây tân cùng dự tính tái người á quỹ đạo phi hành tràng thường xuyên bị đề cập hoặc mệnh danh là “Vũ trụ cảng”. Trạm không gian cùng dự tính tương lai mặt trăng căn cứ có khi được xưng là vũ trụ cảng, đặc biệt là nếu tính toán làm tiến thêm một bước lữ hành căn cứ nói.
The termrocket launch siteis used for any facility from which rockets are launched. It may contain one or morelaunch pads or suitable sites to mount a transportable launch pad. It is typically surrounded by a large safety area, often called arocket rangeormissile range.The range includes the area over which launched rockets are expected to fly, and within which some components of the rockets may land. Tracking stations are sometimes located in the range to assess the progress of the launches.[1]
Major spaceports often include more than onelaunch complex,which can be rocket launch sites adapted for different types oflaunch vehicles. (These sites can be well-separated for safety reasons.) For launch vehicles with liquid propellant, suitable storage facilities and, in some cases, production facilities are necessary. On-site processing facilities for solid propellants are also common.
A spaceport may also includerunways for takeoff and landing of aircraft to support spaceport operations, or to enable support ofHTHLor horizontal takeoff and vertical landing (HTVL) winged launch vehicles.
History[Biên tập]
The age of crewed rocket flight was initiated byFritz von Opelwho piloted the world's first rocket-propelled flight on 30 September 1929; von Opel was the co-designer and financier of the visionary project which led to actual space flights.
The firstrockets to reach space wereV-2 rockets launched fromPeenemünde,Germanyin 1944 duringWorld War II.[2]After the war, 70 complete V-2 rockets were brought toWhite Sandsfor test launches, with 47 of them reaching altitudes between 100 km and 213 km.[3]
The world's first spaceport for orbital and human launches, theBaikonur Cosmodromein southernKazakhstan,started as a Soviet military rocket range in 1955. It achieved the first orbital flight (Sputnik 1) in October 1957. The exact location of the cosmodrome was initially held secret. Guesses to its location were misdirected by a name in common with a mining town 320 km away. The position became known in 1957 outside the Soviet Union only afterU-2planes had identified the site by following railway lines in theKazakh SSR,although Soviet authorities did not confirm the location for decades.[4]
The Baikonur Cosmodrome achieved the first launch of a human into space (Yuri Gagarin) in 1961. The launch complex used, Site 1, has reached a special symbolic significance and is commonly calledGagarin's Start.Baikonur was the primary Soviet cosmodrome, and is still frequently used by Russia under a lease arrangement with Kazakhstan.
In response to the early Soviet successes, the United States built up a major spaceport complex at Cape Canaveral in Florida. A large number of uncrewed flights, as well as the early human flights, were carried out atCape Canaveral Space Force Station.For the Apollo programme, an adjacent spaceport,Kennedy Space Center,was constructed, and achieved the first crewed mission to the lunar surface (Apollo 11) in July 1969. It was the base for allSpace Shuttlelaunches and most of their runway landings. For details on the launch complexes of the two spaceports, seeList of Cape Canaveral and Merritt Island launch sites.
TheGuiana Space Centrein Kourou, French Guiana, is the major European spaceport, with satellite launches that benefit from the location 5 degrees north of the equator.
In October 2003 theJiuquan Satellite Launch Centerachieved the first Chinese human spaceflight.
Breaking with tradition, in June 2004 on a runway atMojave Air and Space Port,California, a human was for the first time launched to space in aprivatelyfunded, suborbital spaceflight, that was intended to pave the way for future commercial spaceflights. The spacecraft,SpaceShipOne,was launched by a carrier airplane taking off horizontally.
At Cape Canaveral,SpaceXin 2015 made the first successful landing and recovery of a first stage used in a vertical satellite launch.[5]
Location[Biên tập]
Rockets can most easily reach satellite orbits if launched near theequatorin an easterly direction, as this maximizes use of theEarth's rotational speed (465 m/s at the equator). Such launches also provide a desirable orientation for arriving at ageostationary orbit.Forpolar orbits andMolniya orbits this does not apply.
In principle, advantages of high altitude launch are reduced vertical distance to travel and a thinner atmosphere for the rocket to penetrate. However, altitude of the launch site is not a driving factor in spaceport placement because most of thedelta-vfor a launch is spent on achieving the required horizontalorbital speed.The small gain from a few kilometers of extra altitude does not usually off-set the logistical costs of ground transport in mountainous terrain.
Many spaceports have been placed at existing military installations, such asintercontinental ballistic missileranges, which are not always physically ideal sites for launch.
A rocket launch site is built as far as possible away from major population centers in order to mitigate risk to bystanders should a rocket experience a catastrophic failure. In many cases a launch site is built close to major bodies of water to ensure that no components are shed over populated areas. Typically a spaceport site is large enough that, should a vehicle explode, it will not endanger human lives or adjacent launch pads.[6]
Planned sites of spaceports forsub-orbitaltourist spaceflight often make use of existing ground infrastructure, including runways. The nature of the local view from 100 km ( 62 mi ) altitude is also a factor to consider.
Space tourism[Biên tập]
Thespace tourismindustry (seeList of private spaceflight companies) is being targeted by spaceports in numerous locations worldwide. e.g.Spaceport America,New Mexico.
The establishment of spaceports for tourist trips raises legal issues, which are only beginning to be addressed.[7][8]
With achieved vertical launches of humans[Biên tập]
The following is a table of spaceports and launch complexes for vertical launchers with documented achieved launches of humans to space (more than 100 km ( 62 mi ) altitude). The sorting order is spaceport by spaceport according to the time of the first human launch.
† Three of the Soyuz missions were uncrewed and are not counted (Soyuz 2,Soyuz 20,Soyuz 34).
‡STS-51-L(Challenger) failed to reach orbit and is not counted.STS-107(Columbia) reached orbit and is therefore included in the count (disaster struck on re-entry).
Crewed Missions failed to reachKármán line:
Soyuz T-10a(1983)
STS-51-L(1986)
Soyuz MS-10(2018)
With achieved satellite launches[Biên tập]
The following is a table of spaceports with a documented achieved launch to orbit. The table is sorted according to the time of the first launch that achieved satellite orbit insertion. The first column gives the geographical location. Operations from a different country are indicated in the fourth column. A launch is counted as one also in cases where the payload consists of multiple satellites.
With achieved horizontal launches of humans to 100 km[Biên tập]
The following table shows spaceports with documented achieved launches of humans to at least 100 km altitude, starting from a horizontal runway. All the flights weresub-orbital.
| Spaceport | Carrier aircraft | Spacecraft | Flights above 100 km | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Edwards AFB,
California,United States |
B-52 | X-15 | 2 flights (# 90-91) | 1963 |
| Mojave Air and Space Port,
California,United States |
White Knight | SpaceShipOne | 3 flights (# 15P-17P) | 2004 |
Beyond Earth[Biên tập]
Spaceports have been proposed for locations on theMoon,Mars,orbiting the Earth, at Sun-Earth and Earth-MoonLagrange points, and at other locations in theSolar System.Human-tended outposts on the Moon or Mars, for example, will be spaceports by definition.[30]The 2012 Space Studies Program of theInternational Space Universitystudied the economic benefit of a network of spaceports throughout the solar system beginning from Earth and expanding outwardly in phases, within its team project Operations And Service Infrastructure for Space (OASIS).[31]Its analysis claimed that the first phase, placing the "Node 1" spaceport with space tug services inlow Earth orbit(LEO), would be commercially profitable and reduce transportation costs togeosynchronous orbitby as much as 44% (depending on the launch vehicle). The second phase would add a Node 2 spaceport on the lunar surface to provide services includinglunar icemining and delivery of rocketpropellants back to Node 1. This would enable lunar surface activities and further reduce transportation costs within and out fromcislunar space.The third phase would add a Node 3 spaceport on the Martian moonPhobosto enable refueling and resupply prior to Mars surface landings, missions beyond Mars, and return trips to Earth. In addition to propellant mining and refueling, the network of spaceports could provide services such as power storage and distribution, in-space assembly and repair of spacecraft, communications relay, shelter, construction and leasing of infrastructure, maintaining spacecraft positioned for future use, and logistics.[32]
Tham kiến[Biên tập]
Tham khảo văn hiến[Biên tập]
- ^Merritt Island Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network station
- ^Dyson, Marianne J.Space and astronomy: decade by decade.Infobase Publishing. 2007:95.ISBN978-0-8160-5536-4.
- ^Ernst Stuhlinger, Enabling technology for space transportation (The Century of Space Science, page 66, Kluwer,ISBN0-7923-7196-8)
- ^Baikonur Cosmodrome (NIIP-5/GIK-5).russianspaceweb.[24 December2010].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 8 February 2003 ).
- ^Grush, Loren.SpaceX successfully landed its Falcon 9 rocket after launching it to space.The Verge.December 21, 2015[April 9,2016].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 28 June 2017 ).
- ^Overlookpress.overlookpress. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 13 January 2018 ).
- ^Londin, Jesse.Space Law Probe: Virginia Leads The Way.blogspot. 9 February 2007[28 April2007].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 22 August 2017 ).
- ^Boyle, Alan.Regulators OK Oklahoma spaceport - Suborbital test flights could begin in 2007, setting stage for tourists.NBC News. 13 June 2006[26 June2006].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 30 April 2013 ).
- ^Baikonur.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 7 February 2002 ).
- ^Vandenberg.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 8 February 2002 ).
- ^Howell, Elizabeth.Vandenberg: West Coast Launch Site.Space. 22 September 2016[1 October2021].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 15 June 2018 ).
- ^13.0013.0113.0213.0313.0413.0513.0613.0713.0813.0913.1013.11Wallops Island.astronautix.[23 April2022].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 3 March 2022 ).
- ^14.014.1Kapustin Yar.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 4 November 2007 ).
- ^Hammaguira.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 5 May 2002 ).
- ^16.016.1Plesetsk.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 29 December 2007 ).
- ^Arianespace - Launch program activity.[26 May2009].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 9 February 2014 ).
- ^Xichang.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 29 January 2005 ).
- ^Taiyuan.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 28 December 2016 ).
- ^20.020.1Svobodniy.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 2 August 2002 ).
- ^Kodiak.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 7 July 2009 ).
- ^ Kodiak Readies for Quick Launch,Aviation Week,April 2010, accessed 26 April 2010. "Alaska's remote Kodiak Launch Complex is state-of-the-art, has a perfect mission record, and will soon be able to launch a satellite-carrying rocket within 24 hours of mission go-ahead."
- ^Dombarovskiy.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 18 June 2008 ).
- ^Welcome to Virginia Space.vaspace.org.[1 October2021].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 14 August 2021 ).
- ^Imam Khomeini Space Center | Facilities.NTI.[2017-11-30].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 5 July 2017 ).
- ^North Korea says it successfully launched controversial satellite into orbit.MSNBC.12 December 2012. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 13 December 2012 ).
- ^news.xinhuanet.(Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 4 February 2013 ).
- ^Iran's first space launch center near Shahrud for its Ghaem SLV project.b14643.de.[2022-06-06].
- ^Hinz, Fabian.IRAN'S SOLID-PROPELLANT SLV PROGRAM IS ALIVE AND KICKING.
- ^[Mendell, Wendell W.Lunar bases and space activities of the 21st century.Lunar and Planetary Institute. 1985.ISBN0-942862-02-3.]
- ^http:// oasisnext /Internet hồ sơ quánLưu trữ,Lưu trữ ngày 24 December 2014., OASIS official website
- ^OASIS Executive Summary Operations And Service Infrastructure for Space.[7 December2012].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 25 January 2014 ).
Phần ngoài liên tiếp[Biên tập]
- Thế giới mười đại hàng thiên căn cứ(Giao diện lưu trữ sao lưu,Tồn vớiInternet hồ sơ quán) -CCTV quốc tế internet
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