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Phóng ra tràng

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Phóng ra tràng( tiếng Anh:launch site), lại xưngVũ trụ cảng( tiếng Anh:spaceport) chờ, là phóng ra hoặc tiếp thu vũ trụ tái cụ nơi, cùng loại với thuyền hải cảng hoặc phi cơ sân bay. Vũ trụ cảng một từ truyền thống thượng bị dùng để chỉ có thể đem vũ trụ tái cụ phóng ra đến địa cầu quỹ đạo hoặc hành tinh tế quỹ đạo thượng nơi. Nhưng mà, thuần túy dùng với thứ quỹ đạo phi hành hỏa tiễn phóng ra tràng có khi được xưng là vũ trụ cảng, bởi vì năm gần đây tân cùng dự tính tái đợt người quỹ đạo phi hành tràng thường xuyên bị đề cập hoặc mệnh danh là “Vũ trụ cảng”. Vũ trụ trạm cùng dự tính tương lai mặt trăng căn cứ có khi được xưng là vũ trụ cảng, đặc biệt là nếu tính toán làm tiến thêm một bước lữ hành căn cứ nói.

Đã che giấu bộ phận chưa phiên dịch nội dung, hoan nghênh tham dựPhiên dịch.

The termrocket launch siteis used for any facility from which rockets are launched. It may contain one or morelaunch pads or suitable sites to mount a transportable launch pad. It is typically surrounded by a large safety area, often called arocket rangeormissile range.The range includes the area over which launched rockets are expected to fly, and within which some components of the rockets may land. Tracking stations are sometimes located in the range to assess the progress of the launches.[1]

Major spaceports often include more than onelaunch complex,which can be rocket launch sites adapted for different types oflaunch vehicles. (These sites can be well-separated for safety reasons.) For launch vehicles with liquid propellant, suitable storage facilities and, in some cases, production facilities are necessary. On-site processing facilities for solid propellants are also common.

A spaceport may also includerunways for takeoff and landing of aircraft to support spaceport operations, or to enable support ofHTHLor horizontal takeoff and vertical landing (HTVL) winged launch vehicles.

History[Biên tập]

The age of crewed rocket flight was initiated byFritz von Opelwho piloted the world's first rocket-propelled flight on 30 September 1929; von Opel was the co-designer and financier of the visionary project which led to actual space flights.

Peenemünde,Germany, where theV-2,the first rocket to reach space in June 1944, was launched

The firstrockets to reach space wereV-2 rockets launched fromPeenemünde,Germanyin 1944 duringWorld War II.[2]After the war, 70 complete V-2 rockets were brought toWhite Sandsfor test launches, with 47 of them reaching altitudes between 100 km and 213 km.[3]

The world's first spaceport for orbital and human launches, theBaikonur Cosmodromein southernKazakhstan,started as a Soviet military rocket range in 1955. It achieved the first orbital flight (Sputnik 1) in October 1957. The exact location of the cosmodrome was initially held secret. Guesses to its location were misdirected by a name in common with a mining town 320 km away. The position became known in 1957 outside the Soviet Union only afterU-2planes had identified the site by following railway lines in theKazakh SSR,although Soviet authorities did not confirm the location for decades.[4]

The Baikonur Cosmodrome achieved the first launch of a human into space (Yuri Gagarin) in 1961. The launch complex used, Site 1, has reached a special symbolic significance and is commonly calledGagarin's Start.Baikonur was the primary Soviet cosmodrome, and is still frequently used by Russia under a lease arrangement with Kazakhstan.

In response to the early Soviet successes, the United States built up a major spaceport complex at Cape Canaveral in Florida. A large number of uncrewed flights, as well as the early human flights, were carried out atCape Canaveral Space Force Station.For the Apollo programme, an adjacent spaceport,Kennedy Space Center,was constructed, and achieved the first crewed mission to the lunar surface (Apollo 11) in July 1969. It was the base for allSpace Shuttlelaunches and most of their runway landings. For details on the launch complexes of the two spaceports, seeList of Cape Canaveral and Merritt Island launch sites.

TheGuiana Space Centrein Kourou, French Guiana, is the major European spaceport, with satellite launches that benefit from the location 5 degrees north of the equator.

In October 2003 theJiuquan Satellite Launch Centerachieved the first Chinese human spaceflight.

Breaking with tradition, in June 2004 on a runway atMojave Air and Space Port,California, a human was for the first time launched to space in aprivatelyfunded, suborbital spaceflight, that was intended to pave the way for future commercial spaceflights. The spacecraft,SpaceShipOne,was launched by a carrier airplane taking off horizontally.

At Cape Canaveral,SpaceXin 2015 made the first successful landing and recovery of a first stage used in a vertical satellite launch.[5]

Location[Biên tập]

Rockets can most easily reach satellite orbits if launched near theequatorin an easterly direction, as this maximizes use of theEarth's rotational speed (465 m/s at the equator). Such launches also provide a desirable orientation for arriving at ageostationary orbit.Forpolar orbits andMolniya orbits this does not apply.

In principle, advantages of high altitude launch are reduced vertical distance to travel and a thinner atmosphere for the rocket to penetrate. However, altitude of the launch site is not a driving factor in spaceport placement because most of thedelta-vfor a launch is spent on achieving the required horizontalorbital speed.The small gain from a few kilometers of extra altitude does not usually off-set the logistical costs of ground transport in mountainous terrain.

Many spaceports have been placed at existing military installations, such asintercontinental ballistic missileranges, which are not always physically ideal sites for launch.

A rocket launch site is built as far as possible away from major population centers in order to mitigate risk to bystanders should a rocket experience a catastrophic failure. In many cases a launch site is built close to major bodies of water to ensure that no components are shed over populated areas. Typically a spaceport site is large enough that, should a vehicle explode, it will not endanger human lives or adjacent launch pads.[6]

Planned sites of spaceports forsub-orbitaltourist spaceflight often make use of existing ground infrastructure, including runways. The nature of the local view from 100 km ( 62 mi ) altitude is also a factor to consider.

Active orbital-launch spaceports in the world.

Space tourism[Biên tập]

Thespace tourismindustry (seeList of private spaceflight companies) is being targeted by spaceports in numerous locations worldwide. e.g.Spaceport America,New Mexico.

The establishment of spaceports for tourist trips raises legal issues, which are only beginning to be addressed.[7][8]

With achieved vertical launches of humans[Biên tập]

The following is a table of spaceports and launch complexes for vertical launchers with documented achieved launches of humans to space (more than 100 km ( 62 mi ) altitude). The sorting order is spaceport by spaceport according to the time of the first human launch.

Spaceport Launch

complex

Launcher Spacecraft Flights Years
俄羅斯哈薩克斯坦Baikonur Cosmodrome,

Kazakhstan (Soviet and Russian flights)

Site 1 Vostok (r) Vostok1–6 6Orbital 1961–1963
Site 1 Voskhod (r) Voskhod1–2 2Orbital 1964–1965
Site 1,31 Soyuz,Soyuz-U Soyuz1–40 † 37Orbital 1967–1981
Site 1,31 Soyuz Soyuz18a 1Sub-O 1975
Site 1,31 Soyuz-U,Soyuz-U2 Soyuz-T2–15 14Orbital 1980–1986
Site 1 Soyuz-U,Soyuz-U2 Soyuz-TM2–34 33Orbital 1987–2002
Site 1 Soyuz-FG Soyuz-TMA1–22 22Orbital 2002–2011
Site 1,31 Soyuz-FG Soyuz TMA-M1–20 20Orbital 2010–2016
Site 1,31 Soyuz-FG Soyuz MS1–9, 11–13, 15 13Orbital 2016–2019
Site 1,31 Soyuz-2.1a Soyuz MS16–22, 24 8Orbital 2020–
美國Cape Canaveral Space Force Station,

Florida,United States

LC-5 Redstone Mercury3–4 2Sub-O 1961
LC-14 Atlas Mercury6–9 4Orbital 1962–1963
LC-19 Titan II Gemini3–12 10Orbital 1965–1966
LC-34 Saturn IB Apollo7 1Orbital 1968
美國Kennedy Space Center,

Florida,United States

LC-39 Saturn V Apollo8–17 10Lun/Or 1968–1972
Saturn IB Skylab2–4 3Orbital 1973–1974
Saturn IB Apollo–Soyuz 1Orbital 1975
Space Shuttle STS1-135‡ 134Orbital 1981–2011
Falcon 9 Block 5 Crew Dragon 11Orbital 2020–
中國Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center,

China

Area 4 Long March 2F Shenzhou5–7, 9-17 12Orbital 2003–
美國Corn Ranch,

Texas,United States

Launch Site One New Shepard New Shepard Crew Capsule 6Sub-O 2021–

† Three of the Soyuz missions were uncrewed and are not counted (Soyuz 2,Soyuz 20,Soyuz 34).

‡STS-51-L(Challenger) failed to reach orbit and is not counted.STS-107(Columbia) reached orbit and is therefore included in the count (disaster struck on re-entry).

Crewed Missions failed to reachKármán line:

Soyuz T-10a(1983)

STS-51-L(1986)

Soyuz MS-10(2018)

With achieved satellite launches[Biên tập]

The following is a table of spaceports with a documented achieved launch to orbit. The table is sorted according to the time of the first launch that achieved satellite orbit insertion. The first column gives the geographical location. Operations from a different country are indicated in the fourth column. A launch is counted as one also in cases where the payload consists of multiple satellites.

Spaceport Location Years
(orbital) 		Launches
to orbit
or inter-
planetary 		Launch vehicles
(operators) 		Sources
俄羅斯Baikonur Cosmodrome,Baikonur/Tyuratam, Kazakhstan[9] Kazakhstan 1957– >1,000 R-7/Soyuz,Kosmos,Proton,Tsyklon,Zenit,Energia,Dnepr,N1,Rokot,Strela [ nơi phát ra thỉnh cầu ]
美國Cape Canaveral Space Force Station,Florida, United States[10] United States 1958– >400 Delta,Scout,Atlas,Titan,Saturn,Athena,Falcon 9,Minotaur IV,Vanguard,Juno,Thor [ nơi phát ra thỉnh cầu ]
美國Vandenberg Space Force Base,California, United States[11] United States 1959– >700 Delta,Scout,Atlas,Titan,Taurus,Athena,Minotaur,Falcon 9,Thor,Firefly Alpha [12]
美國Wallops Flight Facility,Virginia, United States[13](see also MARS below) United States 1961–1985 19 Scout 6[13]+13[13]
俄羅斯Kapustin YarCosmodrome,Astrakhan Oblast,Russia[14] Russia 1962–2008 85 Kosmos [14][ nơi phát ra thỉnh cầu ]
法國HammaguirFrench Special Weapons Test Centre,Algeria[15] Algeria 1965–1967 4 DiamantA (France) Diamant
俄羅斯Plesetsk Cosmodrome,Arkhangelsk Oblast,Russia[16] Russia 1966– >1,500 R-7/Soyuz,Kosmos,Tsyklon-3,Rokot,Angara,Start [16]
義大利San Marco platform,Broglio Space Centre,Malindi, Kenya[13] Kenya 1967–1988 9 Scout(ASIandSapienza,Italy) Broglio
美國Kennedy Space Center,Florida, United States[10] United States 1967– 187 17Saturn,135Space Shuttle,63Falcon 9,10Falcon Heavy,1SLS Saturn,STS,F9
澳大利亞Woomera Prohibited Area,South Australia[13] Australia 1967, 1971 2 Redstone(WRESAT),Black Arrow(UKProspero X-3),Europa WRESAT,X-3
日本Uchinoura Space Center(Kagoshima), Japan[13] Japan 1970– 31 27Mu,3Epsilon,1SS-520-5 [13]M,ε,S
法國Guyane française Space Centre,Kourou, French Guiana, France[17] France 1970– 318 7Diamant,227Ariane,16Soyuz-2,11Vega see 4 rockets
中國Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center,China[13] China 1970– 121 2LM1,3LM2A,20LM2C,36LM2D,13LM2F,3LM4B,5LM4C,3LM11 See 8 rockets
日本Tanegashima Space Center,Japan[13] Japan 1975– 65 6N-I,8N-II,9H-I,6H-II,36H-IIA see 5 rockets
印度Satish Dhawan Space Centre(SHAR), Andhra Pradesh, India[13] India 1979– 91 4SLV,4ASLV,59PSLV,15GSLV,7LVM3,2SSLV List SDSC
中國Xichang Satellite Launch Center,China[18] China 1984– 183 Long March:6LM2C,5LM2E,11LM3,25LM3A,42LM3B,15LM3C See 6 rockets
中國Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center,China[19] China 1988– 62 Long March:16LM2C,2LM2D,2LM4A,25LM4B,15LM4C,2LM6 See 6 rockets
以色列Palmachim Air Force Base,Israel[13] Israel 1988– 8 Shavit Shavit
Various airport runways (B-52,Stargazer) Various 1990– 39 Pegasus(Orbital Sciences Corporation) Pegasus
俄羅斯Svobodny Cosmodrome,Amur Oblast, Russia[20] Russia 1997–2006 5 Start-1 [20]
俄羅斯Deltasubmarine,Barents Sea Barents Sea 1998, 2006 2 Shtil'(Russia),Volna-O Shtil'
Odysseymobile platform, Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean 1999–2014 32 Zenit-3SL(Sea Launch) Sea Launch
美國Pacific Spaceport Complex(Kodiak), Alaska, United States[21][22] United States 2001– 3 1Athena,2Minotaur IV Kodiak
俄羅斯Yasny Cosmodrome(Dombarovsky), Orenburg Oblast, Russia[23] Russia 2006– 10 Dnepr Dnepr
美國Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport(MARS), Virginia, United States[24] United States 2006– 12 5Minotaur I,6Antares,1Minotaur V MARS
美國Omelek,Kwajalein Atoll,Marshall Islands Marshall Islands 2008–2009 5 5Falcon 1(US) Falcon 1
伊朗Semnan Space Center,Semnan, Iran[13][25] Iran 2009– 5 Safir,Simorgh,Zuljanah Safir
朝鮮民主主義人民共和國Sohae Satellite Launching Station,North Korea North Korea 2012– 2 Unha-3 K3-U2[26]
大韓民國Naro Space Center,South Jeolla,South Korea[27] South Korea 2013– 2 Naro-1,Nuri Naro-1,Nuri
俄羅斯Vostochny Cosmodrome,Amur Oblast, Russia Russia 2016– 8 8Soyuz-2 Vostochny
中國Wenchang Satellite Launch Center,China China 2016– 23 Long March:9LM5,12LM7,2LM8 See 3 rockets
紐西蘭美國Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1,
New Zealand 		New Zealand 2018– 21 21Electron Electron (rocket)
中國various launching platforms fromDongfang Spaceport​ (Tiếng Trung),China Yellow sea, East China sea 2019– 6 4Long March 11,1SD3,1CERES-1​ (Tiếng Trung) See 3 rockets
伊朗Shahroud Space Center,Semnan Province, Iran Iran 2020– 4 3Qased,2Qaem 100 [28][29]

With achieved horizontal launches of humans to 100 km[Biên tập]

The following table shows spaceports with documented achieved launches of humans to at least 100 km altitude, starting from a horizontal runway. All the flights weresub-orbital.

Spaceport Carrier aircraft Spacecraft Flights above 100 km Years
美國Edwards AFB,

California,United States

B-52 X-15 2 flights (# 90-91) 1963
美國Mojave Air and Space Port,

California,United States

White Knight SpaceShipOne 3 flights (# 15P-17P) 2004

Beyond Earth[Biên tập]

Spaceports have been proposed for locations on theMoon,Mars,orbiting the Earth, at Sun-Earth and Earth-MoonLagrange points, and at other locations in theSolar System.Human-tended outposts on the Moon or Mars, for example, will be spaceports by definition.[30]The 2012 Space Studies Program of theInternational Space Universitystudied the economic benefit of a network of spaceports throughout the solar system beginning from Earth and expanding outwardly in phases, within its team project Operations And Service Infrastructure for Space (OASIS).[31]Its analysis claimed that the first phase, placing the "Node 1" spaceport with space tug services inlow Earth orbit(LEO), would be commercially profitable and reduce transportation costs togeosynchronous orbitby as much as 44% (depending on the launch vehicle). The second phase would add a Node 2 spaceport on the lunar surface to provide services includinglunar icemining and delivery of rocketpropellants back to Node 1. This would enable lunar surface activities and further reduce transportation costs within and out fromcislunar space.The third phase would add a Node 3 spaceport on the Martian moonPhobosto enable refueling and resupply prior to Mars surface landings, missions beyond Mars, and return trips to Earth. In addition to propellant mining and refueling, the network of spaceports could provide services such as power storage and distribution, in-space assembly and repair of spacecraft, communications relay, shelter, construction and leasing of infrastructure, maintaining spacecraft positioned for future use, and logistics.[32]

Tham kiến[Biên tập]

Duy cơ cùng chung tài nguyênTrung tương quan nhiều truyền thông tài nguyên:Phóng ra tràng

Tham khảo văn hiến[Biên tập]

  1. ^Merritt Island Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network station
  2. ^Dyson, Marianne J.Space and astronomy: decade by decade.Infobase Publishing. 2007:95.ISBN978-0-8160-5536-4.
  3. ^Ernst Stuhlinger, Enabling technology for space transportation (The Century of Space Science, page 66, Kluwer,ISBN0-7923-7196-8)
  4. ^Baikonur Cosmodrome (NIIP-5/GIK-5).russianspaceweb.[24 December2010].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 8 February 2003 ).
  5. ^Grush, Loren.SpaceX successfully landed its Falcon 9 rocket after launching it to space.The Verge.December 21, 2015[April 9,2016].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 28 June 2017 ).
  6. ^Overlookpress.overlookpress. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 13 January 2018 ).
  7. ^Londin, Jesse.Space Law Probe: Virginia Leads The Way.blogspot. 9 February 2007[28 April2007].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 22 August 2017 ).
  8. ^Boyle, Alan.Regulators OK Oklahoma spaceport - Suborbital test flights could begin in 2007, setting stage for tourists.NBC News. 13 June 2006[26 June2006].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 30 April 2013 ).
  9. ^Baikonur.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 7 February 2002 ).
  10. ^10.010.1Cape Canaveral.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 31 October 2003 ).
  11. ^Vandenberg.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 8 February 2002 ).
  12. ^Howell, Elizabeth.Vandenberg: West Coast Launch Site.Space. 22 September 2016[1 October2021].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 15 June 2018 ).
  13. ^13.0013.0113.0213.0313.0413.0513.0613.0713.0813.0913.1013.11Wallops Island.astronautix.[23 April2022].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 3 March 2022 ).
  14. ^14.014.1Kapustin Yar.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 4 November 2007 ).
  15. ^Hammaguira.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 5 May 2002 ).
  16. ^16.016.1Plesetsk.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 29 December 2007 ).
  17. ^Arianespace - Launch program activity.[26 May2009].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 9 February 2014 ).
  18. ^Xichang.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 29 January 2005 ).
  19. ^Taiyuan.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 28 December 2016 ).
  20. ^20.020.1Svobodniy.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 2 August 2002 ).
  21. ^Kodiak.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 7 July 2009 ).
  22. ^ Kodiak Readies for Quick Launch,Aviation Week,April 2010, accessed 26 April 2010. "Alaska's remote Kodiak Launch Complex is state-of-the-art, has a perfect mission record, and will soon be able to launch a satellite-carrying rocket within 24 hours of mission go-ahead."
  23. ^Dombarovskiy.astronautix. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 18 June 2008 ).
  24. ^Welcome to Virginia Space.vaspace.org.[1 October2021].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 14 August 2021 ).
  25. ^Imam Khomeini Space Center | Facilities.NTI.[2017-11-30].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 5 July 2017 ).
  26. ^North Korea says it successfully launched controversial satellite into orbit.MSNBC.12 December 2012. (Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 13 December 2012 ).
  27. ^news.xinhuanet.(Nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữ với 4 February 2013 ).
  28. ^Iran's first space launch center near Shahrud for its Ghaem SLV project.b14643.de.[2022-06-06].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 2022-12-04 ).
  29. ^Hinz, Fabian.IRAN'S SOLID-PROPELLANT SLV PROGRAM IS ALIVE AND KICKING.[2024-01-15].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 2022-10-18 ).
  30. ^[Mendell, Wendell W.Lunar bases and space activities of the 21st century.Lunar and Planetary Institute. 1985.ISBN0-942862-02-3.]
  31. ^http:// oasisnext /Võng tế võng lộ hồ sơ quánLưu trữ,Lưu trữ ngày 24 December 2014., OASIS official website
  32. ^OASIS Executive Summary Operations And Service Infrastructure for Space.[7 December2012].( nguyên thủy nội dungLưu trữVới 25 January 2014 ).

Phần ngoài liên kết[Biên tập]

Sử dụng trung
Châu Á
Châu Âu
Châu Đại Dương
Bắc Mỹ châu
Nam Mĩ châu
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Hàng quáChủ đề
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航太
Ứng dụng
Tái người vũ trụ phi hành
Tổng hợp
Hàng quá kế hoạch
Khỏe mạnh vấn đề
Vũ trụ tái cụ
Phóng ra phương thức
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